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28 March 2017, Volume 24 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Sustainable Management of Rice Insect Pests by Non-Chemical-Insecticide Technologies in China Hong-xing Xu, Ya-jun Yang, Yan-hui Lu, Xu-song Zheng, Jun-ce Tian, Feng-xiang Lai, Qiang Fu, Zhong-xian Lu 2017, 24(2): 61-72.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2017.01.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (448KB) ( )   Chemical pesticides play crucial roles in the management of crop diseases and pests. However, excessive and irrational use of pesticides has become a major concern and obstacle to sustainable agriculture. As a result, the quality and security of agricultural products are reduced, and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened. Recently, environment-friendly pest management measures have been introduced and adopted to manage rice insect pests and reduce the use of insecticides. This paper reviewed the advancements in development and application of non-chemical technologies for insect pest management during rice production in China.

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Physiological Basis of Stagnant Flooding Tolerance in Rice R. Kuanar Sandhya, Ray Anuprita, K. Sethi Santosh, Chattopadhyay Krishnendu, K. Sarkar Ramani 2017, 24(2): 73-84.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.08.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1239KB) ( )   Stagnant flooding (SF) is an important constraint which prolonges partial submergence damages of rice plants and reduces grain yield. Due to the heterogeneity in flood-prone ecosystem, many different types of traditional rice varieties are being grown by the farmers. The local landraces adapted to extreme in water availability could be the sources of new gene(s) which would be utilized to improve the adaptability of rice to SF with high yield. The main goal of this study is to identify new genetic resources tolerant to SF based on morpho-physiological traits. A total of 16 rice varieties were selected after initial screening from more than 400 rice varieties which were collected from eastern states of India. The increase rate of plant height was higher under SF compared to control, whereas no such trend was observed in the increment rate of aboveground total dry weight and culm dry weight. Area of aerenchyma gas spaces per tiller increased whereas root oxidase activity decreased under SF. The reduction of root oxidase activity, leaf area, and leaf dry weight was higher in susceptible varieties under SF compared to control. Stability index for different grain yield and yield attributes revealed that the impact of SF differed among different varieties. Correlation coefficient studies among different parameters taking stability index showed significant association with the grain yield. Based on the findings, it was concluded that maintenance of equivalent panicle weight and panicle number, plant height and harvest index at the maturity stage, leaf area, leaf and culm dry weights, root oxidase activity and tiller numbers at the flowering stage under SF compared to control help the plant to counteract the adverse effects of SF.

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Introgressions from Oryza rufipogon Increase Photosynthetic Efficiency of KMR3 Rice Lines Haritha G., Vishnukiran T., Yugandhar P., Sarla N., Subrahmanyam D. 2017, 24(2): 85-96.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.07.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1063KB) ( )   To understand the wild Oryza genome effect on photosynthesis and its relation to total dry matter accumulation in an elite rice variety, a set of 40 stable introgression lines (ILs) BC3F8 derived from a cross of Oryza sativa (KMR3) × Oryza rufipogon (WR120) were grown under well watered conditions. Leaf gas exchange measurements and leaf chlorophyll estimates were conducted at the flowering stage. The results revealed significant variations in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), transpiration efficiency (Pn/E) and carboxylation efficiency (Pn/Ci). Pn showed significant positive correlation with E, stomatal conductance (gs), Pn/Ci and total canopy dry matter. Specific leaf area and leaf thickness were not significantly correlated with Pn. Thirty-seven out of 40 ILs showed higher Pn than KMR3 [11.28 μmol/(m2∙s)], and 20 ILs showed higher Pn than WR120 [15.08 μmol/(m2∙s)]. The line IL194 showed the highest Pn [21.62 μmol/(m2∙s)] with increased total canopy dry matter followed by lines IL381, IL106, IL363-12, IL198, IL86-18 and IL50, which exhibited Pn above 18.0 µmol/(m2∙s). The ILs with enhanced Pn are a potential source for developing rice varieties and hybrids with higher biomass and yield.

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Physiological Mechanism of Salicylic Acid for Alleviation of Salt Stress in Rice Jini D., Joseph B. 2017, 24(2): 97-108.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.07.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (706KB) ( )   Soil salinity is one of the most important problems of crop production in estuarine and coastal zones. Improvement in salt tolerance of major food crops is an important way for the economic utilization of coastal zones. This study proved that the application of salicylic acid (SA) improved the growth and yield under salt stress conditions and investigated its physiological mechanisms for salt tolerance. The investigation on the effect of SA for salt tolerance during germination showed that the decreased rates of germination and growth (in terms of shoot and root lengths) by the salt stress were significantly increased by the SA application (SA + NaCl). The treatment of SA to the high and low saline soils enhanced the growth, yield and nutrient values of rice. The effects of SA on Na+, K+ and Cl- ionic accumulation were traced under salt stress condition by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. It was revealed that the increased accumulation of Na+ and Clˉ ions by the salt stress were reduced by SA application. An increased concentration of endogenous SA level was detected from the SA-treated rice varieties (ASD16 and BR26) by liquid chromatography electrospray Ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were increased by salt stress whereas decreased by the SA application. The study proved that the application of SA could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress by the regulation of physiological mechanism in rice plants. In spite of salt stress, it can be applied to the coastal and estuarine regions to increase the rice production.

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Identification of a Gravitropism-Deficient Mutant in Rice Yan He, Yong-feng Shi, Xiao-bo Zhang, Hui-mei Wang, Xia Xu, Jian-li Wu 2017, 24(2): 109-118.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.06.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1212KB) ( )   A gravitropism-deficient mutant M96 was isolated from a mutant bank, generated by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of indica rice accession ZJ100. The mutant was characterized as prostrate growth at the beginning of germination, and the prostrate growth phenotype ran through the whole life duration. Tiller angle and tiller number of M96 increased significantly in comparison with the wild type. Tissue section observation analysis indicated that asymmetric stem growth around the second node occurred in M96. Genetic analysis and gene mapping showed that M96 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, tentatively termed as gravitropism-deficient M96 (gdM96), which was mapped to a region of 506 kb flanked by markers RM5960 and InDel8 on the long arm of chromosome 11. Sequencing analysis of the open reading frames in this region revealed a nucleotide substitution from G to T in the third exon of LOC_Os11g29840. Additionally, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression level of LOC_Os11g29840 in the stems was much higher than in the roots and leaves in M96. Furthermore, the expression level was more than four times in M96 stem than in the wild type stem. Our results suggested that the mutant gene was likely a new allele to the reported gene LAZY1. Isolation of this new allele would facilitate the further characterization of LAZY1.

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A Simple, Efficient and Rapid Method for Good Quality DNA Extraction from Rice Grains Ashfaqur Sajib Abu, Ashraful Islam Bhuiya Mohammad, Huque Roksana 2017, 24(2): 119-122.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.09.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (510KB) ( )   An efficient and good DNA extraction protocol should be simple, affordable and yield enough DNA with high quality. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) DNA extraction methods often use seedlings or leaves rather than the grains and tend to be time-consuming, involve multiple steps, and use hazardous chemicals and expensive enzymes. Rice grains offer several benefits over seedlings and leaves as a source of DNA for genetic analysis. However, these benefits are underutilized because the bulk of a rice grain is made up of starch. It is particularly important, but difficult to get rid of the starch while extracting DNA from rice grains. This co-precipitated polysaccharide is a known inhibitor of DNA polymerase activity in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We describe here a very simple and highly affordable Chelex®-100 based DNA extraction method from rice grains. It does not require any hazardous chemicals or enzymes. This method reproducibly extracts DNA with good purity indices (A260/A230 and A260/A280 values), but requires only a few steps.