Antioxidant Activities and Characterization of Polyphenols from Selected Northern Thai Rice Husks: Relation with Seed Attributes

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2023.01.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Rice production generates a significant amount of agricultural waste. This study aimed to give results related to the existence of antioxidant phenols in agricultural waste of selected Northern Thai rice varieties. The antioxidant activities, contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethanolic rice husk extract were evaluated. The highest antioxidant activities were found in the variety PES1CMU, with 2,2?-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as 679.66 and 4.16 mmol/(L·g) trolox equivalent, respectively, ferric reducing antioxidant power as 0.87 mmol/(L·g) Fe²⁺, total phenolic content as 29.90 mmol/(L·g) gallic acid and total flavonoid content as 12.16 mg/g catechin equivalent. Polyphenol compounds were identified mainly by standard polyphenols using the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the highest contents of phytic acid, o-coumaric acid, naringin and kaempferol. The non-glutenous and wetland ecotypes of rice husk samples were the richest in antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents characterized by using principal component analysis. The glutenous rice husk contained higher antioxidant activities than the rest. Interestingly, quercetin is a significant phenolic compound that positively correlated with the overall antioxidant activities of rice husk. This finding will be relevant for future application of rice husk antioxidant components in the production of functional ingredients as well as for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Key words: antioxidant, agri-waste, polyphenol, rice husk, seed characteristic, Thai rice

Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat, Chaiwat Arjin, Surat Hongsibsong, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Chutamat Niwat, Pimsiri Tiyayon, Sansanee Jamjod, Supapohn Yamuangmorn, Chanakan Prom-U-Thai, Korawan Sringarm. Antioxidant Activities and Characterization of Polyphenols from Selected Northern Thai Rice Husks: Relation with Seed Attributes[J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(2): 148-159.

Figures/Tables 9

References 56

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Variety name	Abbreviation	Pericarp color	Husk color	Ecotype	Endosperm type	Special quality	Yield (%)
Buebang 3 CMU	BB3CMU	White	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Vitamin E	2.09
Buebang 4 CMU	BB4CMU	White	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Zinc	2
Bien Koo 5 CMU	BKU5CMU	Purple	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Iron	1.71
K 4 CMU	K4CMU	Purple	Purple	Wetland	Non-glutinous rice	Antioxidant	2.1
Kum Akha 1 CMU	KAK1CMU	Purple	Straw	Upland	Glutinous rice	Antioxidant	2.5
Kum Doi Saket	KDK	Purple	Purple	Wetland	Glutinous rice	Gamma oryzanol	1.91
Khao Dawk Mali 105	KDML105	White	Straw	Wetland	Non-glutinous rice	Aroma	1.7
Kum Chao Morchor 107	KCCMU107	Purple	Straw	Wetland	Non-glutinous rice	Antioxidant	1.99
Sang 5 CMU	Sang5CMU	Purple	Straw with brown line	Upland	Glutinous rice	Phenol	1.79
Pieisu 1 CMU	PES1CMU	Purple	Straw with brown line	Upland	Glutinous rice	Anthocyanin	2.44
Rice Department 6	RD6	White	Straw	Wetland	Glutinous rice	Aroma	2.25
Yamuechaebia 3 CMU	YM3CMU	Red	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Gamma oryzanol	2.14

Variety name	Abbreviation	Pericarp color	Husk color	Ecotype	Endosperm type	Special quality	Yield (%)
Buebang 3 CMU	BB3CMU	White	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Vitamin E	2.09
Buebang 4 CMU	BB4CMU	White	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Zinc	2
Bien Koo 5 CMU	BKU5CMU	Purple	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Iron	1.71
K 4 CMU	K4CMU	Purple	Purple	Wetland	Non-glutinous rice	Antioxidant	2.1
Kum Akha 1 CMU	KAK1CMU	Purple	Straw	Upland	Glutinous rice	Antioxidant	2.5
Kum Doi Saket	KDK	Purple	Purple	Wetland	Glutinous rice	Gamma oryzanol	1.91
Khao Dawk Mali 105	KDML105	White	Straw	Wetland	Non-glutinous rice	Aroma	1.7
Kum Chao Morchor 107	KCCMU107	Purple	Straw	Wetland	Non-glutinous rice	Antioxidant	1.99
Sang 5 CMU	Sang5CMU	Purple	Straw with brown line	Upland	Glutinous rice	Phenol	1.79
Pieisu 1 CMU	PES1CMU	Purple	Straw with brown line	Upland	Glutinous rice	Anthocyanin	2.44
Rice Department 6	RD6	White	Straw	Wetland	Glutinous rice	Aroma	2.25
Yamuechaebia 3 CMU	YM3CMU	Red	Straw	Upland	Non-glutinous rice	Gamma oryzanol	2.14

Variety	ABTS	DPPH	FRAP	Total phenolic content	Total flavonoid content
Variety	[mmol/(L·g) TE]	[mmol/(L·g) TE]	[mmol/(L·g) Fe²⁺]	(mg/g GE)	(mg/g CE)
BB3CMU	252.34 ± 3.90 h	4.39 ± 0.77 b	0.46 ± 0.09 de	16.53 ± 1.83 d	4.58 ± 0.00 cd
BB4CMU	385.95 ± 6.18 f	3.24 ± 0.15 d	0.53 ± 0.15 bcd	15.86 ± 0.34 d	4.01 ± 0.13 cd
BKU5CMU	159.06 ± 6.17 j	2.55 ± 0.11 fgh	0.31 ± 0.07 f	10.63 ± 1.00 f	3.78 ± 0.08 cd
K4CMU	515.79 ± 4.14 c	4.81 ± 0.25 a	0.60 ± 0.12 bc	21.90 ± 1.18 b	8.37 ± 0.65 b
KAK1CMU	409.90 ± 21.26 e	3.82 ± 0.25 c	0.63 ± 0.10 b	20.18 ± 0.54 bc	9.04 ± 0.32 b
KDK	436.37 ± 11.72 d	2.77 ± 0.15 efg	0.60 ± 0.11 bc	20.79 ± 2.11 b	5.78 ± 4.02 c
KDML105	359.48 ± 5.69 g	2.23 ± 0.06 h	0.47 ± 0.08 cde	15.38 ± 0.94 de	4.36 ± 0.09 cd
KCCMU107	191.83 ± 3.90 i	3.01 ± 0.33 de	0.39 ± 0.08 ef	14.75 ± 1.16 de	3.29 ± 0.09 d
Sang5CMU	546.04 ± 10.43 b	2.90 ± 0.17 def	0.53 ± 0.09 bcd	18.66 ± 0.80 c	4.68 ± 3.27 cd
PES1CMU	679.66 ± 19.96 a	4.16 ± 0.18 b	0.87 ± 0.16 a	29.90 ± 3.52 a	12.16 ± 3.51 a
RD6	164.10 ± 24.85 j	2.64 ± 0.24 fg	0.43 ± 0.10 def	13.56 ± 0.98 e	3.36 ± 0.34 cd
YM3CMU	166.62 ± 12.35 j	2.41 ± 0.12 gh	0.37 ± 0.10 ef	11.39 ± 0.32 f	3.36 ± 0.54 cd

Variety	ABTS	DPPH	FRAP	Total phenolic content	Total flavonoid content
Variety	[mmol/(L·g) TE]	[mmol/(L·g) TE]	[mmol/(L·g) Fe²⁺]	(mg/g GE)	(mg/g CE)
BB3CMU	252.34 ± 3.90 h	4.39 ± 0.77 b	0.46 ± 0.09 de	16.53 ± 1.83 d	4.58 ± 0.00 cd
BB4CMU	385.95 ± 6.18 f	3.24 ± 0.15 d	0.53 ± 0.15 bcd	15.86 ± 0.34 d	4.01 ± 0.13 cd
BKU5CMU	159.06 ± 6.17 j	2.55 ± 0.11 fgh	0.31 ± 0.07 f	10.63 ± 1.00 f	3.78 ± 0.08 cd
K4CMU	515.79 ± 4.14 c	4.81 ± 0.25 a	0.60 ± 0.12 bc	21.90 ± 1.18 b	8.37 ± 0.65 b
KAK1CMU	409.90 ± 21.26 e	3.82 ± 0.25 c	0.63 ± 0.10 b	20.18 ± 0.54 bc	9.04 ± 0.32 b
KDK	436.37 ± 11.72 d	2.77 ± 0.15 efg	0.60 ± 0.11 bc	20.79 ± 2.11 b	5.78 ± 4.02 c
KDML105	359.48 ± 5.69 g	2.23 ± 0.06 h	0.47 ± 0.08 cde	15.38 ± 0.94 de	4.36 ± 0.09 cd
KCCMU107	191.83 ± 3.90 i	3.01 ± 0.33 de	0.39 ± 0.08 ef	14.75 ± 1.16 de	3.29 ± 0.09 d
Sang5CMU	546.04 ± 10.43 b	2.90 ± 0.17 def	0.53 ± 0.09 bcd	18.66 ± 0.80 c	4.68 ± 3.27 cd
PES1CMU	679.66 ± 19.96 a	4.16 ± 0.18 b	0.87 ± 0.16 a	29.90 ± 3.52 a	12.16 ± 3.51 a
RD6	164.10 ± 24.85 j	2.64 ± 0.24 fg	0.43 ± 0.10 def	13.56 ± 0.98 e	3.36 ± 0.34 cd
YM3CMU	166.62 ± 12.35 j	2.41 ± 0.12 gh	0.37 ± 0.10 ef	11.39 ± 0.32 f	3.36 ± 0.54 cd

Variable	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4
ABTS	0.441	0.427	-0.645	-0.45
DPPH	0.377	-0.872	-0.294	-0.02
FRAP	0.472	0.213	0.15	0.554
Flavonoid	0.461	-0.021	0.689	-0.559
Phenolic	0.478	0.105	0.015	0.422