Rice Science ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3): 201-215.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2022.01.009
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Lucas Ávila do Nascimento1, Abhilasha Abhilasha2, Jaspreet Singh2, Moacir Cardoso Elias1, Rosana Colussi3(
)
Received:2021-08-27
Accepted:2022-01-25
Online:2022-05-28
Published:2022-03-25
Contact:
Rosana Colussi
Lucas Ávila do Nascimento, Abhilasha Abhilasha, Jaspreet Singh, Moacir Cardoso Elias, Rosana Colussi. Rice Germination and Its Impact on Technological and Nutritional Properties: A Review[J]. Rice Science, 2022, 29(3): 201-215.
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| Rice variety | Temperature (ºC) | Time (h) | RH (%) | Processing method | Drying | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daohuaxiang | 37 | 36 | 100 | Steeped in hydrogen peroxide solution at a ratio of 1:2 | NA | Xia et al, |
| Xianhui 207, Heinuo | 28 | 72 | 100 | Normoxia and hypoxia only at 6 final hours | Freeze-dried under vacuum | Ding et al, |
| Joha | 21-28 | 360 | 100 | Hydroponic culture | Hot air oven 80 ºC/72 h | Lahkar and Tanti, |
| Sanqiuding SZ | 37 | 52 | 90 | Darkness in a climatic cabinet | NA | Xia and Li, |
| KDML105, Riceberry | 30 | 144 | NA | Darkness and washed every 24 h | Freeze dryer | Kamjijam et al, |
| 26-30 | 36 | > 95 | Normal and ultrasound | Hot air dryer 80 ºC/2 h | Ding et al, | |
| OM457, TN11, Huong Dua | 35 | 72 | 90 | Sprayed water every 12 h, in the dark | NA | Nguyen et al, |
| Baekokchal | 30 | 36 | 95 | NA | NA | You et al, |
| Ilpum | 30 | 48 | 95 | NA | Hot air oven 50 ºC until 10% MC | Li et al, |
| Zhengxian, Nanjing, Yannuo | 25 | 120 | 100 | Water changed every 6 h | Hot air oven 50 ºC until 14% MC | Wu et al, |
| NA | 25-35 | 48 | 80 | NA | Freeze-dried | Wang et al, |
| 02428, YZX | 15 | 96 | NA | NA | Freeze-dried | Yang et al, |
| Ingwizabukungu, Intsindagirabigega, Jyambere, Mpembuke, Ndamirabahinzi, Nemeyubutaka, Zong geng | 15-30 | NA | NA | Field crops | Freeze-dried under vacuum | Mukamuhirwa et al, |
| Khao Niaw Dam Peuak Dam | 37 | 48 | 66 | Closed system | Hot air oven 80 ºC/5 h | Owolabi et al, |
| San-Pah-Tawng1, Pathum-Thani1, Phitsanulok2 | 30 | 50 | 85 | Dark | Hot air oven 40 ºC/12 h | Kupkanchanakul et al, |
| Pusa Basmati 1 | 28 | 192 | NA | NA | NA | Sinha et al, |
| IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 e IET-23449 | 28-30 | 48 | 95 | Washed every 4 h | NA | Kaur et al, |
| KDML105 | 35 | 24 | 95 | Washed every 4 h | Hot air oven | Jongyingcharoen and Cheevitsopon, |
| Ilpumbyeo | 37 | 48 | 80 | Washed every 24 h | Hot air oven 50 ºC/48 h | Kim et al, |
| Sanpatong 1, Khao Jow Hawm Phitsanulok 1, KDML105, Niaw Sanpatong, Rice Department 6, Luem Pua | 25-28 | 96 | 100 | Water changed every 4 h | Hot air oven 40 ºC unitl 12% MC | Yodpitak et al, |
| Mottaikaruppan | 30 | 120 | NA | Sprayed water | Solar dried | Veluppillai et al, |
| Hom Mali 105, Hom Deang Sukhothai 1, Hom Dam Sukhothai 2 | Room temperature | 168 | NA | NA | Hot air oven 45 ºC/ 24 h | Pramai et al, |
| KDML105 | 48 | 30 | NA | Flowing air | Hot air oven 73 ºC/2 h | Tuntipopipat et al, |
| KDML105 | 30 | 72 | 100 | Water changed every 4 h | Hot air oven and a hybrid dryer; multiple conditions | Tumpanuvatr et al, |
| Qiutian Xiaoting | 37 | 48 | 90 | Darkness in a climatic cabinet | Hot air oven 40 ºC/24 h | Xia and Li, |
Table 1. Temperature, time, relative humidity (RH), processing method and drying condition applied during rice germination.
| Rice variety | Temperature (ºC) | Time (h) | RH (%) | Processing method | Drying | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daohuaxiang | 37 | 36 | 100 | Steeped in hydrogen peroxide solution at a ratio of 1:2 | NA | Xia et al, |
| Xianhui 207, Heinuo | 28 | 72 | 100 | Normoxia and hypoxia only at 6 final hours | Freeze-dried under vacuum | Ding et al, |
| Joha | 21-28 | 360 | 100 | Hydroponic culture | Hot air oven 80 ºC/72 h | Lahkar and Tanti, |
| Sanqiuding SZ | 37 | 52 | 90 | Darkness in a climatic cabinet | NA | Xia and Li, |
| KDML105, Riceberry | 30 | 144 | NA | Darkness and washed every 24 h | Freeze dryer | Kamjijam et al, |
| 26-30 | 36 | > 95 | Normal and ultrasound | Hot air dryer 80 ºC/2 h | Ding et al, | |
| OM457, TN11, Huong Dua | 35 | 72 | 90 | Sprayed water every 12 h, in the dark | NA | Nguyen et al, |
| Baekokchal | 30 | 36 | 95 | NA | NA | You et al, |
| Ilpum | 30 | 48 | 95 | NA | Hot air oven 50 ºC until 10% MC | Li et al, |
| Zhengxian, Nanjing, Yannuo | 25 | 120 | 100 | Water changed every 6 h | Hot air oven 50 ºC until 14% MC | Wu et al, |
| NA | 25-35 | 48 | 80 | NA | Freeze-dried | Wang et al, |
| 02428, YZX | 15 | 96 | NA | NA | Freeze-dried | Yang et al, |
| Ingwizabukungu, Intsindagirabigega, Jyambere, Mpembuke, Ndamirabahinzi, Nemeyubutaka, Zong geng | 15-30 | NA | NA | Field crops | Freeze-dried under vacuum | Mukamuhirwa et al, |
| Khao Niaw Dam Peuak Dam | 37 | 48 | 66 | Closed system | Hot air oven 80 ºC/5 h | Owolabi et al, |
| San-Pah-Tawng1, Pathum-Thani1, Phitsanulok2 | 30 | 50 | 85 | Dark | Hot air oven 40 ºC/12 h | Kupkanchanakul et al, |
| Pusa Basmati 1 | 28 | 192 | NA | NA | NA | Sinha et al, |
| IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 e IET-23449 | 28-30 | 48 | 95 | Washed every 4 h | NA | Kaur et al, |
| KDML105 | 35 | 24 | 95 | Washed every 4 h | Hot air oven | Jongyingcharoen and Cheevitsopon, |
| Ilpumbyeo | 37 | 48 | 80 | Washed every 24 h | Hot air oven 50 ºC/48 h | Kim et al, |
| Sanpatong 1, Khao Jow Hawm Phitsanulok 1, KDML105, Niaw Sanpatong, Rice Department 6, Luem Pua | 25-28 | 96 | 100 | Water changed every 4 h | Hot air oven 40 ºC unitl 12% MC | Yodpitak et al, |
| Mottaikaruppan | 30 | 120 | NA | Sprayed water | Solar dried | Veluppillai et al, |
| Hom Mali 105, Hom Deang Sukhothai 1, Hom Dam Sukhothai 2 | Room temperature | 168 | NA | NA | Hot air oven 45 ºC/ 24 h | Pramai et al, |
| KDML105 | 48 | 30 | NA | Flowing air | Hot air oven 73 ºC/2 h | Tuntipopipat et al, |
| KDML105 | 30 | 72 | 100 | Water changed every 4 h | Hot air oven and a hybrid dryer; multiple conditions | Tumpanuvatr et al, |
| Qiutian Xiaoting | 37 | 48 | 90 | Darkness in a climatic cabinet | Hot air oven 40 ºC/24 h | Xia and Li, |
Fig. 1. Illustration of conditions that can influence rice germination and germinated rice properties.
Fig. 2. Structural changes in rice grain (cultivar BRS Pampeira) during germination process at 30 ºC and 80% relative humidity (Nonogaki et al, 2010).
| Rice variety | Carbohydrate | Protein | Lipid | Bioactive compounds | Vitamin | Enzyme | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daohuaxiang | NA | ↑ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | Xia et al, |
| Xianhui 207, Heinuo | NA | NA | ↓ | GABA↑ | NA | NA | Ding et al, |
| KDML105, Riceberry | NA | ↑ | NA | GABA↑ | NA | NA | Kamjijam et al, |
| OM457, TN11 | NA | NA | NA | TPF↑ | NA | NA | Nguyen et al, |
| Zhengxian, Nanjing, Yannuo | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Wu et al, |
| NA | NA | WM | WM | NA | NA | ↑ | Wang et al, |
| HATRI192 | NA | NA | NA | TPF↑↓ | NA | ↓ | Thi Thu et al, |
| HATRI62 | NA | NA | NA | TPF↑↓ | NA | ↑ | |
| Khao Niaw Dam Peuak Dam | ↓ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | Owolabi et al, |
| San-Pah-Tawng 1 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | Kupkanchanakul et al, |
| Pathum-Thani 1, Phitsanulok 2 | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | |
| Pusa Basmati 1 | NA | NA | TAG↓ | NA | NA | NA | Sinha et al, |
| IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115, IET-23449 | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | Kaur et al, |
| KDML105, Qiutianxiaoting | NA | NA | NA | GABA↑ | NA | NA | Jongyingcharoen and Cheevitsopon, |
| Ilpumbyeo | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | Vitamin E↑ | NA | Kim et al, |
| Mottaikaruppan | NA | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | Veluppillai et al, |
| Hom Mali 105, Hom Deang Sukhothai 1, Hom Dam Sukhothai 2 | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | Pramai et al, |
| KDML105 | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | Tuntipopipat et al, |
Table 2. Changes in proximal composition caused by germination in rice grains.
| Rice variety | Carbohydrate | Protein | Lipid | Bioactive compounds | Vitamin | Enzyme | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daohuaxiang | NA | ↑ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | Xia et al, |
| Xianhui 207, Heinuo | NA | NA | ↓ | GABA↑ | NA | NA | Ding et al, |
| KDML105, Riceberry | NA | ↑ | NA | GABA↑ | NA | NA | Kamjijam et al, |
| OM457, TN11 | NA | NA | NA | TPF↑ | NA | NA | Nguyen et al, |
| Zhengxian, Nanjing, Yannuo | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Wu et al, |
| NA | NA | WM | WM | NA | NA | ↑ | Wang et al, |
| HATRI192 | NA | NA | NA | TPF↑↓ | NA | ↓ | Thi Thu et al, |
| HATRI62 | NA | NA | NA | TPF↑↓ | NA | ↑ | |
| Khao Niaw Dam Peuak Dam | ↓ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | Owolabi et al, |
| San-Pah-Tawng 1 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | Kupkanchanakul et al, |
| Pathum-Thani 1, Phitsanulok 2 | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | |
| Pusa Basmati 1 | NA | NA | TAG↓ | NA | NA | NA | Sinha et al, |
| IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115, IET-23449 | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | Kaur et al, |
| KDML105, Qiutianxiaoting | NA | NA | NA | GABA↑ | NA | NA | Jongyingcharoen and Cheevitsopon, |
| Ilpumbyeo | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | Vitamin E↑ | NA | Kim et al, |
| Mottaikaruppan | NA | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | Veluppillai et al, |
| Hom Mali 105, Hom Deang Sukhothai 1, Hom Dam Sukhothai 2 | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | Pramai et al, |
| KDML105 | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | Tuntipopipat et al, |
Fig. 3. Starch digestibility of brown rice and germinated brown rice at 30 ºC and 80% relative humidity during 36 h (cultivar BRS Pampeira). The digestibility was done according to the method proposed by Dartois et al (2010). G0, G15 and G30 represent aliquots removed during simulated gastric digestion during 0, 15 and 30 min of gastric digestion, and I0, I5, I10, I20, I30 I60 and I90 represent aliquots removed during simulated intestinal digestion during 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 min of intestinal digestion.
| Rice variety | Germination condition | Bioactive compounds increased | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daohuaxiang | 36 h at 37 ºC at 100% RH, stressed by hydrogen peroxide | Antioxidant activity | Xia et al, |
| Xianhui 207, Heinuo | 72 h at 28 ºC at 100% RH, stressed by normoxia and hypoxia | GABA | Ding et al, |
| Sanqiuding, SZ | 52 h at 37 ºC at 90% RH, darkness | GABA | Xia and Li, |
| KDML105, Riceberry | 144 h at 30 ºC, darkness | GABA | Kamjijam et al, |
| OM457, TN11, Huong Dua | 72 h at 35 ºC at 90% RH, darkness | Total phenolics and flavonoids | Nguyen et al, |
| IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 e IET-23449 | 48 h at 28 ºC to 30 ºC at 95% RH | Total phenolics and flavonoids | Kaur et al, |
| KDML105 | 4 h at 35 ºC at 95% RH | GABA | Jongyingcharoen and Cheevitsopon, |
| Ilpumbyeo | 48 h at 37 ºC at 80% RH | Vitamin E | Kim et al, |
| Sanpatong 1, Khao Jow Hawm Phitsanulok 1, KDML105, Niaw Sanpatong, Rice Department 6, Luem Pua | 96 h at 25 ºC to 28 ºC at 100% RH, cold plasma treatment | Vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, antioxidant activity, total phenolics | Yodpitak et al, |
| Hom Mali 105, Hom Deang Sukhothai 1, Hom Dam Sukhothai 2 | 168 h at room temperature | GABA, γ-oryzanol, total phenolics | Pramai et al, |
| KDML105 | 30 h at 48 ºC | GABA, γ-oryzanol, phenolic acids | Tuntipopipat et al, |
| Qiutian Xiaoting | 8 h at 37 ºC at 90% RH, darkness | GABA | Xia and Li, |
Table 3. Rice germination parameters and their influence on bioactive compounds.
| Rice variety | Germination condition | Bioactive compounds increased | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daohuaxiang | 36 h at 37 ºC at 100% RH, stressed by hydrogen peroxide | Antioxidant activity | Xia et al, |
| Xianhui 207, Heinuo | 72 h at 28 ºC at 100% RH, stressed by normoxia and hypoxia | GABA | Ding et al, |
| Sanqiuding, SZ | 52 h at 37 ºC at 90% RH, darkness | GABA | Xia and Li, |
| KDML105, Riceberry | 144 h at 30 ºC, darkness | GABA | Kamjijam et al, |
| OM457, TN11, Huong Dua | 72 h at 35 ºC at 90% RH, darkness | Total phenolics and flavonoids | Nguyen et al, |
| IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 e IET-23449 | 48 h at 28 ºC to 30 ºC at 95% RH | Total phenolics and flavonoids | Kaur et al, |
| KDML105 | 4 h at 35 ºC at 95% RH | GABA | Jongyingcharoen and Cheevitsopon, |
| Ilpumbyeo | 48 h at 37 ºC at 80% RH | Vitamin E | Kim et al, |
| Sanpatong 1, Khao Jow Hawm Phitsanulok 1, KDML105, Niaw Sanpatong, Rice Department 6, Luem Pua | 96 h at 25 ºC to 28 ºC at 100% RH, cold plasma treatment | Vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, antioxidant activity, total phenolics | Yodpitak et al, |
| Hom Mali 105, Hom Deang Sukhothai 1, Hom Dam Sukhothai 2 | 168 h at room temperature | GABA, γ-oryzanol, total phenolics | Pramai et al, |
| KDML105 | 30 h at 48 ºC | GABA, γ-oryzanol, phenolic acids | Tuntipopipat et al, |
| Qiutian Xiaoting | 8 h at 37 ºC at 90% RH, darkness | GABA | Xia and Li, |
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