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2005年, 第12卷, 第4期
刊出日期：2005-12-28 上一期    下一期
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研究报告
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研究报告

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Citrate Synthase Gene in Rice (Oryza sativa) ZHANG Shan-shan, MING Feng, LU Qun, GUO Bin, SHEN Da-leng, 2005, 12(4): 233-237 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(178KB) ( )   The full-length OsCS encoding citrate synthase was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica). OsCS is 1477-bp long and encodes a 474 amino acid polypeptide. Its putative protein sequence is highly identical to Daucus carota, Nicotiana tabacum, Beta vulgaris subsp., Arabidopsis thaliana, and Citrus junos (＞70%). The deduced amino-terminal sequence of OsCS showes characteristics of mitochondrial targeting signal. Southern blot analysis using ORF of the OsCS as the probe indicated that this gene exists in multiple copies in rice genome. The band with predicated size of 82 kD was detected by Western blot after being induced by 0.4 mmol/L IPTG.

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Caryopsis Development and Main Quality Characteristics in Different indica Rice Varieties XIONG Fei, WANG Zhong, CHENG Gang, WANG Jue 2005, 12(4): 238-242 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(240KB) ( )   A comparison on the caryopsis development, rice quality characteristics and the size, shape, structure of the endosperm amyloplasts (starch granules) between two indica rice varieties was made. The main quality traits in Yangdao 6 were better than those in Xiangzaoxian 33; In the early period after fertilization the dry matter in Yangdao 6 was accumulated more slowly than that in Xiangzaoxian 33 but faster in the later period, and the starch was accumulated strongly in the later period; There were two kinds of amyloplasts: single and compound amyloplasts, being 4.4 μm and 9.5 μm in diameter on average with the range of 2.4-8.0 μm and 5.7-19.5 μm, respectively. In the case of Xiangzaoxian 33, most of the single amyloplasts were elliptic or round with loose arrangement and great difference in size, and the coefficient of variation was high. While in the Yangdao 6, most of the amyloplasts were single, well developed, polyhedral, crystalline and compactly arranged, and the coefficient of variation was low. The amyloplasts in the dorsal region of endosperm were developed better than those in the ventral and central regions. The chalkiness in the endosperm resulted from badly-developed and loose-arranged starch granules, which was closely relevant to the transport of filling materials.

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Genetic Analysis and Mapping of Dominant Minute Grain Gene Mi3(t) in Rice LIU Ming-wei, LIU Yong, WANG Shi-quan, DENG Qi-ming, LI Ping, 2005, 12(4): 243-248 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(56KB) ( )   Grain size, determined chiefly by grain length, is one of the main factors affecting the grain yield in rice production. To study the trait of rice grain size, F1 and F2 populations were developed from crosses Shuhui 881/Y34 and Shuhui 527/Y34, and genetic analysis for minute grain was performed. The F1 populations showed minute grains, and grain size segregations in the two F2 populations were both in accordance with the ratio of 3:1, indicating that minute grain in Y34 was controlled by a completely dominant gene. By using the F2 population from Shuhui 881/Y34, this dominant gene, tentatively designated as Mi3(t), was mapped based on SSR markers in the interval between RM282 (genetic distance of 5.1 cM) and RM6283 (genetic distance of 0.9 cM) on the short arm of chromosome 3.

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Genetic Analysis of Early Generation Stability in Rice ZHOU Li-Jun, AO Guang-Hui, XIAO Yi, WU Xian-Jun, LI Shi-Gui 2005, 12(4): 249-254 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(46KB) ( )   The mechanism of early generation stability (EGS) in rice was studied via genetic analysis. Three types of crosses were made, namely between EGS varieties, EGS and conventional rice variety, and conventional rice varieties. The genetic analysis was based on the stable lines in F2 population. The stable lines may appear from some combinations of EGS rice crossing with each other and EGS rice crossing with conventional varieties at different frequencies, but stable lines didn’t appear in conventional varieties crossing with conventional varieties. Genetic analysis results indicated that the EGS phenomena should just exist in special rice materials, and the frequency of stable lines was closely related to the EGS traits of parents. The EGS traits were neither qualitative nor quantitative traits, and they were controlled by neither dominant genes nor recessive genes. The EGS traits might be inherited by F1 single plant, and the traits of F3 and F4 were corresponded to those of F2 population, i.e. F3 and F4 lines derived from non-segregating F2 showed uniform agronomic traits, and those from segregating F2 did not. The agronomic traits of EGS lines were consistent with those of F1 single plant. On the other hand, when EGS lines occurred, the segregating lines in Mendelian manner were also observed in all F2 population of the same combination. It was suggested that the reason why the stable strains occurred might be a special factor to control (open/close) gene at the beginning of cell division in zygote, resulting in closing mitosis and opening somatic reduction. The somatic reduction of zygote resulted in recombination and homozygosity forming in F1 single plant, and some lines with uniform agronomic traits were observed in some lines of F2 population.

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Effect of Phytosulfokine-α on Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Rice CHEN De-xi, XU Zheng-jun, MA Bing-tian, LI Shi-gui 2005, 12(4): 255-260 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(88KB) ( )   Phytosulfokine-α(PSK-α), a biologically active peptide acting as a growth factor, plays a key role in cellular differentiation and proliferation. To test if PSK-α has some influence on agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rice, PSK-α at a series of concentrations was added into co-culture medium respectively. The results showed that PSK-α indeed affected the recovery of resistant calli and the transformation frequency of rice varieties Taipei 309 and Lijiangxintuanheigu. PSK-α at the concentration of 10 nmol/L could increase induction of resistant callus and efficiency of transformation, with a 11% and 4.9% top increase, respectively than the control. However, PSK-α at 200 nmol/L could inhibit the induction of the resistant calli. Further more, the effect of PSK-αon agrobacterium-mediated transformation is related with the concentration of 2, 4-D in selection medium. Higher induction rate of resistant calli was obtained from tissues treated with PSK-α plus 2 mg/L 2, 4-D.

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Effect of Temperature at Grain Filling Stage on Activities of Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis and Grain Quality of Rice JIN Zheng-xun, QIAN Chun-rong, YANG Jing, LIU Hai-ying, JIN Xue-yong 2005, 12(4): 261-266 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(50KB) ( )   Three japonica rice varieties with different cooking and eating quality were grown at high temperature in the greenhouse and natural field. Effects of temperature at the grain filling stage on these varieties were investigated in terms of the activities of key enzymes related to starch synthesis and cooking and eating quality of rice grain. The high temperature at the grain filling stage increased protein content, and decreased amylose content and taste meter value of rice; inferior grain quality varieties showed a greater magnitude of the increase or decrease than the superior ones. Reaction of rapid visco analyser profiles to the temperature varied with rice varieties. The activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPP), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) gradually increased to a peak value, and thereafter declined as grain filling progressed. Enzyme activities in different varieties differed in a same filling stage, and also in the time when the enzyme activity reached a maximum. AGPP and SSS were insensitive to the environmental temperature, but SBE was comparatively sensitive to the temperature, and its activity declined when temperature was too high or too low.

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Effect of Indigenous Nitrogen Supply of Soil on the Grain Yield and Fertilizer-N Use Efficiency in Rice LIU Li-jun, XU Wei, TANG Cheng, WANG Zhi-qin, YANG Jian-chang 2005, 12(4): 267-274 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(67KB) ( )   The effects of application of N fertilizer on wheat on the grain yield and N use efficiency (FNUE) of rice in the wheat-rice rotation system, as well as on the soil fertility were studies. N-fertilizer application on wheat significantly increased total N, ammonium-N and nitrate-N contents in paddy field, resulting in high indigenous N supply of soil (INS). Compared with low INS, the effect of N rate on the grain yield of rice was reduced significantly, and FNUE was decreased under high INS. These results indicated that high INS was one of the main reasons for the low FNUE in rice.

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Physiological Basis of Photosynthetic Function and Senescence of Rice Leaves as Regulated by Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer NIE Jun, ZHENG Sheng-xian, DAI Ping-an, XIAO Jian, YI Guo-ying 2005, 12(4): 275-282 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(54KB) ( )   The physiological mechanism of photosynthetic function and senescence of rice leaves was studied by using early rice variety Baliangyou 100 and late rice variety Weiyou 46, treated with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF), urea and no nitrogen fertilizer. CRNF showed obvious effects on delaying the senescence and prolonging photosynthetic function duration of rice leaves. Compared with urea, CRNF could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of functional leaves in both early and late rice varieties, and this difference between the treatments became larger as rice growth progressed; CRNF increased the activities of active oxygen scavenging enzymes super oxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and decreased the accumulation amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in functional leaves during leaf aging; Photosynthetic rate of functional leaves in CRNF treatment was significantly higher than that in urea treatment. The result also indicated that CRNF could effectively regulate the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in functional leaves; IAA content was higher and ABA content was lower in CRNF treatment than those in urea treatment. Therefore, application of CRNF could increase the rice yield significantly due to these physiological changes in the functional leaves.

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Variation of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities at Different Growth Stages of Rice (Oryza sativa) ZENG Lu-sheng, LIAO Min, CHEN Cheng-li, HUANG Chang-yong 2005, 12(4): 283-288 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(47KB) ( )   A pot experiment was conducted under submerged conditions with hybrid rice Zhenong 7 to study the variation in the soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (Nmic), soil respiration rate, soil microbial metabolic quotient, soil enzyme activities, chlorophyll content, proline content and peroxidase activity (POD) in rice leaf at different growth stages. The soil Cmic, Nmic and soil respiration rate significantly increased at the early stage and then declined during rice growth, but ascended slightly at maturity. However, soil metabolic quotient declined at all the stages. Soil urease activity increased at first and then decreased, while acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities descended before ascended and then descended again. Soil urease activity and acid phosphatase activity showed a peak value at the tillering stage about 30 days after rice transplanting, but the peak value of dehydrogenase activity emerged at about 50 days after rice transplanting and the three soil enzymatic activities were significantly different at the different developmental stages. As rice growing, chlorophyll content in rice leaf descended at the early stage then ascended and a peak value appeared at about the 70th after rice transplanting, after that declined drastically, while POD activity increased gradually, but proline content declined gradually. There was a slight relation between rice physiological indices and soil biochemical indices, which indicated that soil biochemical characteristics were affected significantly by rice growth in the interaction system of the rice, soil and microorganisms.

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Description of Aphelenchoides besseyi from Abnormal Rice with ‘Small Grains and Erect Panicles’ Symptom in China LIN Mao-song，DING Xiao-fan，WANG Zi-ming，ZHOU Feng-ming，LIN Na 2005, 12(4): 289-294 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(253KB) ( )   The abnormal rice with small grains and erect panicles were found on a large scale in China, which showed shortend rice panicle and decreased number of grains in comparison with normal rice, and the grain was small and black-brown, and some of them were distorted, while the flag leaf was normal. A kind of nematode of Aphelenchoides was isolated from the grains of rice variety Wuyujing 3 which performed ‘small grains and erect panicles’ symptom. There were 2014 nematodes in one hundred grains infected, and up to 74 in single grain, 92 percent of the grains tested had nematodes in the infested panicles. The diagnosis characters of nematode include lateral fields about one-fourth as wide as body, with 4 incisures. The terminus bears a mucro of diverse shape with 3-4 pointed processes. The female post-vulval uterine sac extends less than 50% of distance from vulva to anus, no sperm in it. Oocytes usually arrange in 2-4 rows. The male spicules have a moderately developed rostrum. Morphological measurements showed it to be conspecific with Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942.

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Preliminary Study on Resistance of the Rice Stem Borer (Chilo Suppressalis) to Fipronil JIANG Wei-hua, HAN Zhao-jun, HAO Ming-li 2005, 12(4): 295-298 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(34KB) ( )   By means of topical application, fipronil resistance was surveyed in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, from 12 diferent areas in east China from 2001 to 2004. The rice stem borers in most regions of Jiangsu and Anhui were still susceptible to fipronil. But in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province and Cixi, Zhejiang Province, their sensitivity became decreased (resistance ratios were 3.1 and 3.6, respectively), and the medium level of resistance (resistance ratio was 21.2) was found in Cangnan, Zhejiang Province. So, it was still at the early stage for fipronil resistance development in this pest. Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide(PBO) had a little effect on both susceptible and resistant borers (synergism ratios were 1.1–1.2). Though triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl meleate (DEM) had no effect on the susceptible borers, they had significant synergism on fipronil in the resistant population to fipronil (synergism ratios were 1.8 and 1.6, respectively), indicating esterase and glutathion S-transferase may be involved in the resistance mechanism. Bioassay with currently used insecticides indicated that triazophos (because of high resistance), trichlorphon and acephate had very low toxicity to resistant borers. But diazinon, pyridaphenthion, decamethrin and avermectin showed high toxicity and had no cross resistance to fipronil, which could be considered as substitute insecticides in the resistance managment.

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Effect of 137Cs Gamma Rays to Panicles on Rice Anther Culture M. S. MKUYA , SI Hua-min , LIU Wen-zhen , SUN Zong-xiu 2005, 12(4): 299-302 .  摘要 ( )   PDF(44KB) ( )   Panicles of an indica rice line TM7-5 were subjected to radiation with 137Cs gamma rays at 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 Gy respectively, and then its anthers were cultured. There were slight differences among the treatments in peak emerging time of callus initiation, from 38 to 44 days after inoculation (DAI) as well as the frequency of callus initiation (2.3-3.5%). About two thirds calli were induced before 44 DAI, and calli derived beyond 60 DAI lost the regeneration ability. Green plant regeneration frequency was significantly stimulated from two- to three-fold by irradiation of the 137Cs gamma rays compared with the control, and the maximum was 22.81% (15 Gy). The culture ability based on callus initiation and green plantlet regeneration was 0.19% for the control while it was over 0.45% for all the irradiated treatments, and the maximum was 0.59% for 15 Gy treatment. The advantages of panicle irradiation before anther culture and the potential application in rice anther culture, especially for recalcitrant indica rice, were discussed.