Allelopathy: Potential Role to Achieve New Milestones in Rice Cultivation

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2016.06.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Rice fields are ecosystems with many types of plants, microbes, invertebrates, birds and animals. The rice farming protects the biodiversity of the region and maintains the ecosystem for the beneﬁt of environment. Some rice varieties release biocidal allelochemicals which might affect major weeds, microbial and pathogenic diversity around rice plants, even soil characteristics. A large number of compounds such as phenolic acids, fatty acids, indoles and terpenes have been identified in rice root exudates and decomposing rice residues, as putative allelochemicals which can interact with surrounding environment. Since these allelopathic interactions may be positive, they can be used as effective contributor for sustainable and eco-friendly agro-production system. Genetic modification of crop plants to improve their allelopathic properties and enhancement of desirable traits has been suggested. Development of crops with enhanced allelopathic traits by genetic modification should be done cautiously, keeping in view of the ecological risk assessment (non-toxic and safe for humans and ecosystem, crop productivity, ratio of benefit and cost, etc.).

Key words: rice, allelopathy, crop improvement, weed management, disease management, microbe, soil

K. Amb M., S. Ahluwalia A.. Allelopathy: Potential Role to Achieve New Milestones in Rice Cultivation[J]. Rice Science, 2016, 23(4): 165-183.

Figures/Tables 5

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Source	Allelochemical	Reference
Root exudate	Momilactone A, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, valeric acid, tetradecanoic acid, stearic acid, 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediol, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde, octadecane, 3-epicosene, 1-eicosanol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 7-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, 12-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, 12-methyl-tridecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-1-butyl-2-methyl cyclo propane, dehydroabietic acid, cholest-5-en-3(β)-ol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, abietic acid, resorcinol, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-phenylbutyric acid, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, indole-5-carboxylic acid, 5-(12-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5,7-4′-trihydroxy 3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone, 3-isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1	Bouillant et al, 1994; Mattice et al, 1998; Kim and Kim, 2000; Kong et al, 2004b; Seal et al, 2004b
Seedling	Momilactone B	Kato-Noguchi and Ino, 2005
Leaf	Momilactones A and B	Cartwright et al, 1977, 1981; Kodama et al, 1988; Lee et al, 1999
Rice straw	Phenolic acids, phenolic aldehyde, aliphatic acids, flavone, cyclohexane, momilactones	Pramaink et al, 2000; Kong et al, 2004a
Rice hull	1-tetratriacontanol and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, momilactones A and B, dicyclohexanyl orizane, salicylic acid, o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, syringic acid, ferrulic acide, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid	Chung et al, 2002, 2005; Park et al, 2009
Decomposing rice residue	Phenolic acids, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, β-resorcylic acid, caffeic acid, sinapinic acid	Kuwatsuka and Shindo, 1973; Chou and Lin, 1976

Source	Allelochemical	Reference
Root exudate	Momilactone A, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, valeric acid, tetradecanoic acid, stearic acid, 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediol, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde, octadecane, 3-epicosene, 1-eicosanol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 7-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, 12-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, 12-methyl-tridecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-1-butyl-2-methyl cyclo propane, dehydroabietic acid, cholest-5-en-3(β)-ol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, abietic acid, resorcinol, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-phenylbutyric acid, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, indole-5-carboxylic acid, 5-(12-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5,7-4′-trihydroxy 3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone, 3-isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1	Bouillant et al, 1994; Mattice et al, 1998; Kim and Kim, 2000; Kong et al, 2004b; Seal et al, 2004b
Seedling	Momilactone B	Kato-Noguchi and Ino, 2005
Leaf	Momilactones A and B	Cartwright et al, 1977, 1981; Kodama et al, 1988; Lee et al, 1999
Rice straw	Phenolic acids, phenolic aldehyde, aliphatic acids, flavone, cyclohexane, momilactones	Pramaink et al, 2000; Kong et al, 2004a
Rice hull	1-tetratriacontanol and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, momilactones A and B, dicyclohexanyl orizane, salicylic acid, o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, syringic acid, ferrulic acide, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid	Chung et al, 2002, 2005; Park et al, 2009
Decomposing rice residue	Phenolic acids, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, β-resorcylic acid, caffeic acid, sinapinic acid	Kuwatsuka and Shindo, 1973; Chou and Lin, 1976

Allelochemical	Mode of action	Target	Reference
Momilactone B	Inhibits accumulation of subtilisin-like serine protease, amyrin synthase LUP2, β-glucosidase, malate synthase, breakdown of cruciferin 2; induces accumulation of translationally controlled tumor protein, glutathione S-transferase and 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Kato-Noguchi and Kitajima, 2015
Momilactones A and B, 1-tetratriacontanol	Inhibit chlorophyll content	Duckweed	Macias et al, 2005
Crude extracts of allelopathic rice cultivars	Inhibit superoxide dismutase and catalase activities	Barnyard grass seedling	Lin et al, 2000
Ferulic acid	Inhibits photosynthesis; reduces stomatal conductance	Several crops	Einhellig, 1996
Ferulic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids	Inhibit phosphorus uptake	Cucumber	Lyu et al, 1990
Salicylate	Inhibits K⁺ uptake to depolarize membranes and reduce ATP content of roots	-	Balke, 1985
Pelargonic acid (nonanoic acid)	Interferes with membrane functions	-	Irzyk et al, 1997
Tannins, phenolic acid and flavanoids	Inhibit nitrification	Soil	Rice and Pancholy, 1972

Allelochemical	Mode of action	Target	Reference
Momilactone B	Inhibits accumulation of subtilisin-like serine protease, amyrin synthase LUP2, β-glucosidase, malate synthase, breakdown of cruciferin 2; induces accumulation of translationally controlled tumor protein, glutathione S-transferase and 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin 1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Kato-Noguchi and Kitajima, 2015
Momilactones A and B, 1-tetratriacontanol	Inhibit chlorophyll content	Duckweed	Macias et al, 2005
Crude extracts of allelopathic rice cultivars	Inhibit superoxide dismutase and catalase activities	Barnyard grass seedling	Lin et al, 2000
Ferulic acid	Inhibits photosynthesis; reduces stomatal conductance	Several crops	Einhellig, 1996
Ferulic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids	Inhibit phosphorus uptake	Cucumber	Lyu et al, 1990
Salicylate	Inhibits K⁺ uptake to depolarize membranes and reduce ATP content of roots	-	Balke, 1985
Pelargonic acid (nonanoic acid)	Interferes with membrane functions	-	Irzyk et al, 1997
Tannins, phenolic acid and flavanoids	Inhibit nitrification	Soil	Rice and Pancholy, 1972

Gene/Clone	Length (bp)	Accession No.	Best homologue	Rice variety	Reference
DEG-1	561	AJ296743.1	S-adenosylmethionine synthetase	Sathi	Junaedi et al, 2008
DEG-2	531	AY522330.1	Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit
DEG-3	491	CT829547.1	Oxygen evolving complex protein in photosystem II
DEG-4	528	CT834850.1	Unknown protein
DEG-5	290	CT828153.1	Histone 2B protein
DEG-6	511	AK243448.1	Nicotineamine aminotransferase
DEG-7	207	AC122144.1	Putative serine/threonine protein kinase
DEG-8	531	NM_001056236.1	Putative transposable element oxysterol-binding protein
OsCPS4	NA	Os04g0990	Copalyl diphosphate synthase 4	Zhonghua 11	Xu et al, 2012
OsKSL4	NA	Os0410060	Kaurene synthase like 4	Hwayoung	Xu et al, 2012
Clone 312 (I)	619	ABR25842	Putative triosephosphate isomerase	PI312777 (under low nitrogen treatment)	Song et al, 2008
Clone 323 (I)	386	NM_001057746	Putative glycine hydroxymethyl transferase
Clone 403 (I)	705	ABR25842	Putative triosephosphate isomerase
Clone 891 (I)	593	NM_001048551	Putative triosephosphate isomerase
Clone 278 (II)	498	ABR25322	Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Clone 547 (II)	441	NM_001071389	Putative o-methyltransferase
Clone 663 (II)	542	BAE45261	Cytochrome P450
Clone 34 (III)	504	AAM08829	Putative SCARECROW gene regulator-like
Clone 84 (III)	391	NM_001051791	No apical meristem (NAM) protein
Clone 257 (III)	544	ABA98006	Subitilisin-chymotrypsin inhibitor
Clone 642 (III)	572	NM_001059257	DNA binding protein S1FA family protein
Clone 935 (III)	551	NM_001060636	S1/P1 nuclease
Clone 489 (III)	552	BAD81918	BolA-like protein
Clone 272 (III)	290	NM_001065974	Putative calcium-dependent lipid binding 1 protein
Clone 803 (IV)	384	NM_001070187	Putative protein kinase interactor
Clone 943 (IV)	623	A55092	Catalase 2 (CAT-2)
Clone 243 (IV)	621	NM_001052425	Myosin-like protein
Clone 201 (IV)	232	AAB70546	Metallothionein-like protein type 1
Clone 120 (IV)	230	AAB70546	Metallothionein-like protein type 1
Clone 715 (IV)	618	NM_001075076	Metallothionein-like protein type 1
Clone 917 (IV)	522	NM_001057541	Expressed protein
Clone 177 (V)	466	ABR25449	Putative 40S ribosomal S13
Clone 188 (V)	415	NM_001056613	60S ribosomal protein L22-2
Clone 341 (V)	459	NM_001056613	Putative 60S ribosomal protein L22-2
Clone 486 (V)	736	ABA94602	Putative 40S ribosomal protein S9
Clone 399 (V)	383	A2WXX3	Putative 60S ribosomal protein L5
Clone 349 (V)	507	BAD36074	Putative chaperonin 10
Clone 640 (V)	372	NM_001056613	60S ribosomal protein
Clone 657 (V)	410	ABR25449	Putative 40S ribosomal protein S13
Clone 622 (V)	634	NM_001062753	Putative apoptosis-related protein
Clone 743 (V)	406	NM_001056776	HSP20-like chaperone
Clone 163	449	CM000126	Ubiquitin carrier protein	PI312777 (under salicylic acid treatment)	Fang et al, 2009
Clone 171	388	AC131374	Putative receptor-like protein kinase
Clone 265	295	AC092263 CM000126	Putative glutathione S-transferase
Clone 316	323	AAL34132	Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase
Clone 438	309	AC13174	Putative acetyltransferase
Clone 459	347	ABR25322	Putative receptor-like protein kinase
Clone 507	303	AP003734	Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Clone 512	319	AY224431	Putative cinnamoyl-CoA reductase
Clone 557	345	AP005578	Serine/threonine protein kinase-like protein
Clone 587	200	AP003263	Putative endosperm specific protein SC3
Clone 593	256	CM000126	Putative peroxidase
Clone 617	242	AF200528	Ubiquitin carrier protein
Clone 670	286	AP003252	Cellulose synthase-4
Clone 695	260		BAG domain containing protein-like
Clone 163	449	CM000126 AC131374 AC092263 CM000126 AAL34132 AC13174 ABR25322 AP003734 AY224431 AP005578	Ubiquitin carrier protein	PI312777 (under salicylic acid treatment)	Fang et al, 2009
Clone 171	388	AP003263	Putative receptor-like protein kinase
Clone 265	295	CM000126 AF200528 AP003252	Putative glutathione S-transferase
Clone 316	323		Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase
Clone 438	309		Putative acetyltransferase
Clone 459	347		Putative receptor-like protein kinase
Clone 507	303		Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Clone 512	319		Putative cinnamoyl-CoA reductase
Clone 557	345		Serine/threonine protein kinase-like protein
Clone 587	200		Putative endosperm specific protein SC3
Clone 593	256		Putative peroxidase
Clone 617	242		Ubiquitin carrier protein
Clone 670	286		Cellulose synthase-4
Clone 695	260		BAG domain containing protein-like