Rice Science ›› 2015, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (5): 237-244.DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(14)60304-8
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Chintalapati Padmavathi1(), Gururaj Katti1, Vallabuni Sailaja2, Yenumulag Prasad2
Received:
2015-01-24
Accepted:
2015-07-30
Online:
2015-05-15
Published:
2015-07-24
Chintalapati Padmavathi, Gururaj Katti, Vallabuni Sailaja, Yenumulag Prasad. Physiological Age Status of Female Adults and Off-Season Survival of Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in India[J]. Rice Science, 2015, 22(5): 237-244.
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URL: http://www.ricesci.org/EN/10.1016/S1672-6308(14)60304-8
Age | Ovariole shape | Shape and colour of eggs in calyx | Description of bursa copulatrix | Number and colour of fat body |
---|---|---|---|---|
One-day-old (unmated) | Long, fully coiled, membranous and transparent in nature with ovariole length of about 12.67 mm when coiled and 27.83 mm when stretched; thread like slight differentiation towards calyx; difficult to stretch; delicate and transparent; lateral and median oviducts are very long | No eggs were found | Transparent, membranous in nature, highly delicate; glandular tube is soft | Ovoid to elliptical in shape; bright yellow; numerous in number surrounding the ovaries; filaments attachment of fat body are very prominent |
(Age 0) | ||||
One-day-old (mated) | Linear; slender; can be stretched; segments clearly distinct upto 3/4 of the ovariole with the ovarioles of about 17.17 mm long | Slight yolk deposition; contents translucent in nature | Membranous with milky white contents inside | Ovoid to ellipitical in shape; numerous in number; bright yellow surrounding the ovaries; filaments of fat body are very prominent |
(Age 1) | ||||
Two-day-old | Ovarioles cannot be stretched; ovarioles are long, heavy deposition of yolk and all the four ovarioles are clumped closely and are difficult to separate; ovariole length of about 22.82 mm | Heavy yolk deposition; | Well developed with milky white contents inside filling 3/4 of bursa copulatrix; gland and its filament well developed but not completely covering the bursa copulatrix | Bright yellow ovoid to elliptical; fat body depletion initiated; fat body filament prominent; more fat bodies in the lower end |
(Age 2) | egg shape is distinct and elliptical | |||
Three-day-old | Elongated clumped due to heavy deposition of yolk; difficult to stretch with ovariole length of about 24.96 mm | Elliptical, seen in both lateral oviducts | Completely developed; completely filled with milky white contents; glandular tube is prominent | Moderate to heavy in number; consumption/ depletion has begun |
(Age 3) | ||||
Four-day-old | Elongated with distinct segmentation throughout; ovarioles can be easily separated and stretched with length of about 25.67 mm; more than half of the ovarioles were deposited with yolk | Elliptical fully developed; eggs are seen in lateral oviducts | Slight hard filled with milky contents; glandular filament surrounded the bursa (not so | Moderate in number; light yellow in colour; many fat body cells have depleted |
(Age 4) | milky white) | |||
Five-day-old | Long, easy to straighten, full of eggs with continued yolk deposition; ovariole length of about 22.00 mm | Ovoid and yellow | Hard with gland and its filament fully developed; depletion of internal white contents | Fat bodies few in number; light yellow in colour |
(Age 5) | ||||
Six-day-old | Full of yolk deposition near to the tip; easy to straighten with length of about 16.72 mm; looked like a clump due to yolk deposition | Elliptical and yellow; eggs found in lateral and | Bursa hard and thickened; milky white contents in 3/4 of bursa; | Sparse, few and light yellow in colour; most of them depleted |
(Age 6) | median oviduct | oily droplets found | ||
Seven- and eight- day-old | Ovarioles highly constricted with length of about 11.36 mm; formed to a mass | Very few eggs elliptical in shape | Hard and thickened; gland is brown in colour with depleted contents | Completely exhausted; no fat bodies |
(Ages 7 and 8) |
Table 1 Morphological features of ovary development in female adults of different ages of rice leaffolder, C. medinalis.
Age | Ovariole shape | Shape and colour of eggs in calyx | Description of bursa copulatrix | Number and colour of fat body |
---|---|---|---|---|
One-day-old (unmated) | Long, fully coiled, membranous and transparent in nature with ovariole length of about 12.67 mm when coiled and 27.83 mm when stretched; thread like slight differentiation towards calyx; difficult to stretch; delicate and transparent; lateral and median oviducts are very long | No eggs were found | Transparent, membranous in nature, highly delicate; glandular tube is soft | Ovoid to elliptical in shape; bright yellow; numerous in number surrounding the ovaries; filaments attachment of fat body are very prominent |
(Age 0) | ||||
One-day-old (mated) | Linear; slender; can be stretched; segments clearly distinct upto 3/4 of the ovariole with the ovarioles of about 17.17 mm long | Slight yolk deposition; contents translucent in nature | Membranous with milky white contents inside | Ovoid to ellipitical in shape; numerous in number; bright yellow surrounding the ovaries; filaments of fat body are very prominent |
(Age 1) | ||||
Two-day-old | Ovarioles cannot be stretched; ovarioles are long, heavy deposition of yolk and all the four ovarioles are clumped closely and are difficult to separate; ovariole length of about 22.82 mm | Heavy yolk deposition; | Well developed with milky white contents inside filling 3/4 of bursa copulatrix; gland and its filament well developed but not completely covering the bursa copulatrix | Bright yellow ovoid to elliptical; fat body depletion initiated; fat body filament prominent; more fat bodies in the lower end |
(Age 2) | egg shape is distinct and elliptical | |||
Three-day-old | Elongated clumped due to heavy deposition of yolk; difficult to stretch with ovariole length of about 24.96 mm | Elliptical, seen in both lateral oviducts | Completely developed; completely filled with milky white contents; glandular tube is prominent | Moderate to heavy in number; consumption/ depletion has begun |
(Age 3) | ||||
Four-day-old | Elongated with distinct segmentation throughout; ovarioles can be easily separated and stretched with length of about 25.67 mm; more than half of the ovarioles were deposited with yolk | Elliptical fully developed; eggs are seen in lateral oviducts | Slight hard filled with milky contents; glandular filament surrounded the bursa (not so | Moderate in number; light yellow in colour; many fat body cells have depleted |
(Age 4) | milky white) | |||
Five-day-old | Long, easy to straighten, full of eggs with continued yolk deposition; ovariole length of about 22.00 mm | Ovoid and yellow | Hard with gland and its filament fully developed; depletion of internal white contents | Fat bodies few in number; light yellow in colour |
(Age 5) | ||||
Six-day-old | Full of yolk deposition near to the tip; easy to straighten with length of about 16.72 mm; looked like a clump due to yolk deposition | Elliptical and yellow; eggs found in lateral and | Bursa hard and thickened; milky white contents in 3/4 of bursa; | Sparse, few and light yellow in colour; most of them depleted |
(Age 6) | median oviduct | oily droplets found | ||
Seven- and eight- day-old | Ovarioles highly constricted with length of about 11.36 mm; formed to a mass | Very few eggs elliptical in shape | Hard and thickened; gland is brown in colour with depleted contents | Completely exhausted; no fat bodies |
(Ages 7 and 8) |
Fig. 2. Physiological age composition of females at different stages of crop growth.(A, Early tillering stage; B, Maximum tillering stage; C, Panicle initiation stage; D, Pre-harvest stage)
PPlant name | Survival (%) a | Larval duration (d) | Fecundity/female | Growth index b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) | 92.0 ± 3.3 a | 18.0 ± 0.4 cd | 211.6 ± 3.3 a | 5.1 ± 0.1 a |
Fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] | 52.0 ± 3.3 d | 20.0 ± 0.2 ab | - | 2.6 ± 0.2 gh |
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | 72.0 ± 3.3 b | 20.0 ± 0.2 ab | - | 3.6 ± 0.1 cd |
Barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv] | 64.0 ± 2.6 bc | 14.0 ± 0.3 g | 151.0 ± 1.4 b | 4.6 ± 0.1 b |
Knot grass (Paspalum distichum L.) | 52.0 ± 3.3 d | 15.0 ± 0.3 fg | 101.0 ± 4.4 d | 3.5 ± 0.2 de |
Viper grass [Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz.] | 36.0 ± 2.7 e | 16.0 ± 0.2 ef | 16.0 ± 0.8 h | 2.2 ± 0.2 h |
Crab grass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler] | 8.0 ± 3.3 f | 18.0 ± 0.1 cd | 114.0 ± 2.6 c | 1.1 ± 0.1 ij |
Para grass [Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf.] | 64.0 ± 2.7 bc | 16.2 ± 1.1 e | 55.0 ± 1.1 f | 4.0 ± 0.1 c |
Alexander grass [Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc] | 56.0 ± 4.9 cd | 19.0 ± 0.2 bc | 35.0 ± 1.7 g | 2.9 ± 0.2 fg |
Cut grass (Leersia hexadra Sw.) | 8.0 ± 3.3 f | 21.0 ± 0.6 a | 21.0 ± 1.6 h | 0.9 ± 0.0 j |
Bristley fox tail (Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv.) | 16.0 ± 5.0 f | 17.3 ± 0.4 d | 85.0 ± 2.6 e | 1.5 ± 0.2 i |
Bristle grass [Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth] | 48.0 ± 3.3 d | 15.0 ± 0.2 ef | 95.0 ± 2.7 d | 3.1 ± 0.2 ef |
Rattail grass [Sehima nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf] | 0 | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
Napier grass/elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) | 0 | 1 c | 0 | 0 |
Maize (Zea mays L.) | 0 | 10 c | 0 | 0 |
Spear grass [Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.] | 0 | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
Guinea grass/buffalo grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) | 0 | 5 c | 0 | 0 |
Anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) | 0 | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
df | 108 | 92 | 90 | 92 |
F value | 56 | 22.3 | 610 | 49.4 |
P value | < 0.0000 | < 0.0000 | < 0.0000 | < 0.0000 |
Table 2 Growth and development of C. medinalis on different host plants.
PPlant name | Survival (%) a | Larval duration (d) | Fecundity/female | Growth index b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) | 92.0 ± 3.3 a | 18.0 ± 0.4 cd | 211.6 ± 3.3 a | 5.1 ± 0.1 a |
Fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] | 52.0 ± 3.3 d | 20.0 ± 0.2 ab | - | 2.6 ± 0.2 gh |
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | 72.0 ± 3.3 b | 20.0 ± 0.2 ab | - | 3.6 ± 0.1 cd |
Barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv] | 64.0 ± 2.6 bc | 14.0 ± 0.3 g | 151.0 ± 1.4 b | 4.6 ± 0.1 b |
Knot grass (Paspalum distichum L.) | 52.0 ± 3.3 d | 15.0 ± 0.3 fg | 101.0 ± 4.4 d | 3.5 ± 0.2 de |
Viper grass [Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz.] | 36.0 ± 2.7 e | 16.0 ± 0.2 ef | 16.0 ± 0.8 h | 2.2 ± 0.2 h |
Crab grass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler] | 8.0 ± 3.3 f | 18.0 ± 0.1 cd | 114.0 ± 2.6 c | 1.1 ± 0.1 ij |
Para grass [Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf.] | 64.0 ± 2.7 bc | 16.2 ± 1.1 e | 55.0 ± 1.1 f | 4.0 ± 0.1 c |
Alexander grass [Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc] | 56.0 ± 4.9 cd | 19.0 ± 0.2 bc | 35.0 ± 1.7 g | 2.9 ± 0.2 fg |
Cut grass (Leersia hexadra Sw.) | 8.0 ± 3.3 f | 21.0 ± 0.6 a | 21.0 ± 1.6 h | 0.9 ± 0.0 j |
Bristley fox tail (Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv.) | 16.0 ± 5.0 f | 17.3 ± 0.4 d | 85.0 ± 2.6 e | 1.5 ± 0.2 i |
Bristle grass [Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth] | 48.0 ± 3.3 d | 15.0 ± 0.2 ef | 95.0 ± 2.7 d | 3.1 ± 0.2 ef |
Rattail grass [Sehima nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf] | 0 | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
Napier grass/elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) | 0 | 1 c | 0 | 0 |
Maize (Zea mays L.) | 0 | 10 c | 0 | 0 |
Spear grass [Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.] | 0 | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
Guinea grass/buffalo grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) | 0 | 5 c | 0 | 0 |
Anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) | 0 | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
df | 108 | 92 | 90 | 92 |
F value | 56 | 22.3 | 610 | 49.4 |
P value | < 0.0000 | < 0.0000 | < 0.0000 | < 0.0000 |
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