过刊目录

2013年, 第20卷, 第2期
刊出日期：2013-03-28 上一期    下一期
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综述与专论
研究报告


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综述与专论

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Flower Development and Photoperiodic Control of Flowering in Rice XIANG Chao1,2, QU Li-jun1,2, GAO Yong-ming2, SHI Ying-yao1,2 2013, 20(2): 79-87.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60112-2 摘要 ( )   PDF(247KB) ( )   Floral transition, which is referred to as a plant’s transition from vegetative stage to reproductive stage, is considered to be a critical developmental switch in higher plants, for a timely flowering is a major factor of reproductive success. Endogenous and environmental cues, such as photoperiod, light quality, plant hormones concentrations and temperature, provide information to the plants whether the environment is favorable for flowering. These cues promote, or prevent, flowering through a complex genetic network, mediated by a careful orchestration of temporal and spatial gene expression. One of such cues is photoperiod. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as a powerful model species for the understanding of flowering in higher plants, including flower development and photoperiodic control of flowering. In this review, we overviewed and discussed the flower development and its model. We also overviewed the photoperiodic pathways in rice flowering control, and summarized the pathways at molecular level.

研究报告

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Phytochromes are Involved in Elongation of Seminal Roots and Accumulation of Dry Substances in Rice Seedlings ZHENG Jun1, 2, ZHOU Jin-jun2, 3, ZHAO Jie2, 3, ZHAO Shu-zhen2, 3, LI Guo-rong1, XIE Xian-zhi2, 3 2013, 20(2): 88-94.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60115-8 摘要 ( )   PDF(235KB) ( )   Phytochromes have been reported to play important roles in seedling de-etiolation and flowering in rice. To identify the roles of phytochromes in regulating root growth and accumulation of dry substances, the lengths of seminal roots and the dry weights of seedlings were measured in the wild type as well as the phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) mutants grown under different conditions. When the whole seedlings were exposed to white light, the elongation of the seminal roots was significantly photoinhibited in the wild type, whereas this inhibitory effect was clearly reduced in the phyA and phyB mutants. When the roots of the seedlings were blocked from white light, the phyA and phyB mutants exhibited significantly longer seminal roots than the wild type. These results suggest that both the root-localized and shoot-localized PHYA and PHYB are involved in the photoinhibition of seminal root elongation in rice seedlings. By measuring the dry weights of roots and shoots, it is revealed that PHYB positively regulates the accumulation of dry substances in shoots, however, PHYA exerts the contrary effects on the accumulation of dry substances in roots and shoots of rice seedlings.

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Development and Identification of Introgression Lines from Cross of Oryza sativa and Oryza minuta GUO Si-bin1, 2, WEI Yu1, LI Xiao-qiong1, LIU Kai-qiang1, HUANG Feng-kuan2, 3, CHEN Cai-hong1, 2, GAO Guo-qing1, 2 2013, 20(2): 95-102.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60111-0 摘要 ( )   PDF(238KB) ( )   Introgression line population is effectively used in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs), identifying favorable genes, discovering hidden genetic variation, evaluating the action or interaction of QTLs in multiple conditions and providing the favorable experimental materials for plant breeding and genetic research. In this study, an advanced backcross and consecutive selfing strategy was used to develop introgression lines (ILs), which derived from an accession of Oryza minuta (accession No. 101133) with BBCC genome, as the donor, and an elite indica cultivar IR24 (O. sativa), as the recipient. Introgression segments from O. minuta were screened using 164 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the genome of each IL. Introgressed segments carried by 131 ILs covered the whole O. sativa genome. The average number of homozygous O. minuta segments per introgression line was about 9.99. The average length of introgressed segments was approximate 14.78 cM, and about 79.64% of these segments had sizes less than 20 cM. In the genome of each introgression line, the O. minuta chromosomal segments harbored chromosomal fragments of O. sativa ranging from 1.15% to 27.6%, with an overall average of 8.57%. At each locus, the ratio of substitution of O. minuta alleles had a range of 1.5%?25.2%, with an average of 8.3%. Based on the evaluation of the phenotype of these ILs, a wide range of alterations in morphological and yield-related traits were found. After inoculation, ILs 41, 11 and 7 showed high resistance to bacterial blight, brown planthopper and whitebacked planthopper, respectively. These O. minuta-O. sativa ILs will serve as genetic materials for identifying and using favorable genes from O. minuta.

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Comparison of Cheng’s Index- and SSR Marker-based Classification of Asian Cultivated Rice WANG Cai-hong, XU Qun, YU Ping, YUAN Xiao-ping, YU Han-yong, WANG Yi-ping, TANG Sheng-xiang, WEI Xing-hua 2013, 20(2): 103-110.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60120-1 摘要 ( )   PDF(414KB) ( )   A total of 100 cultivated rice accessions, with a clear isozyme-based classification, were analyzed based on Cheng’s index and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker. The results showed that the isozyme-based classification was in high accordance with that based on Cheng’s index and SSR markers. Mantel-test revealed that the Euclidean distance of Cheng’s index was significantly correlated with Nei’s unbiased genetic distance of SSR markers (r = 0.466, P ≤ 0.01). According to the model-based group and cluster analysis, the Cheng’s index- and SSR-based classification coincided with each other, with the goodness of fit of 82.1% and 84.7% in indica, 97.4% and 95.1% in japonica, respectively, showing higher accordance than that within subspecies. Therefore, Cheng’s index could be used to classify subspecies, while SSR marker could be more efficient to analyze the subgroups within subspecies.

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New Stably Expressed Loci Responsible for Panicle Angle Trait in Japonica Rice in Four Environments NIU Fu-an, LIU Jian, GUO Yuan, CHEN Lan, JIANG Jian-hua, HONG De-lin 2013, 20(2): 111-119.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60119-5 摘要 ( )   PDF(377KB) ( )   Panicle angle (PA) of 254 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two japonica varieties Xiushui 79 and C Bao was investigated under four environments, and a genetic linkage map including 111 SSR markers was constructed. Genetic analysis was conducted by mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance models, and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identification by the QTLNetwork 2.0 and the composite interval mapping approach of WinQTLCart 2.5 software. Results showed that the PA trait was controlled by two major genes plus polygenes, mainly by major genes. Eight QTLs for PA were detected by the QTLNetwork 2.0 software, and each locus explained 0.01% to 39.89% of the phenotypic variation. Twelve QTLs for PA were detected by the WinQTLCart 2.5 software, with each locus explaining 2.83% to 30.60% of the phenotypic variation. Two major QTLs (qPA9.2 and qPA9.5) distributed between RM3700 and RM3600 and between RM5652 and RM410, respectively, and a moderate QTL (qPA9.7) distributed between RM257 and OSR28, were both detected by the two methods in all of the four environments. The negative effect alleles of the three QTLs were from Xiushui 79. In addition, eight pairs of epistatic QTLs with minor effects were also detected. QTL × environment interactions were not significant for additive QTLs and epistatic QTL pairs.

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Changes in Enzyme Activities Involved in Starch Synthesis and Hormone Concentrations in Superior and Inferior Spikelets and Their Association with Grain Filling of Super Rice FU Jing, XU Yun-ji, CHEN Lu, YUAN Li-min, WANG Zhi-qin, YANG Jian-chang 2013, 20(2): 120-128.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60116-X 摘要 ( )   PDF(466KB) ( )   The changes in activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion and concentrations of hormones in superior and inferior spikelets of super rice were investigated and their association with grain filling was analyzed. Four super rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu, IIyou 084, Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15, and two high-yielding and elite check cultivars, Shanyou 63 and Yangfujing 8, were used. The activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase), adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (StSase) and starch branching enzyme (SBE), and the concentrations of zeatin + zeatin riboside (Z + ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in superior and inferior spikelets were determined during the grain filling period and their relationships with grain filling rate were analyzed. Maximum grain filling rate, the time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate, mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed a slight difference between the super and check rice cultivars, but were significantly lower in the super rice than in the check rice for inferior spikelets. Changes of enzyme activities and hormone concentrations in grains exhibited single peak curves during the grain filling period. The peak values and the mean activities of SuSase, AGPase, StSase and SBE were lower in inferior spikelets than in superior ones, as well as the peak values and the mean concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA. However, the peak value and the mean concentration of ABA were significantly higher in inferior spikelets than in superior ones and greater in the super rice than in the check rice. The grain filling rate was positively and significantly correlated with the activities of SuSase, AGPase and StSase and the concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA. The results suggested that the low activities of SuSase, AGPase and StSase and the low concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA might be important physiological reasons for the slow grain filling rate and light grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice.

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Influence of Crop Nutrition on Grain Yield, Seed Quality and Water Productivity under Two Rice Cultivation Systems Y. V. SINGH, K. K. SINGH, S. K. SHARMA 2013, 20(2): 129-138.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60113-4 摘要 ( )   PDF(323KB) ( )   The system of rice intensification (SRI) is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement, less pest attack, shorter crop duration, higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation. With this background, SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during two wet seasons (2009–2011). In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design, two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting (CT) and SRI] and two rice varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44) were used under seven crop nutrition treatments, viz. T1, 120 kg/hm2 N, 26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K; T2, 20 t/hm2 farmyard manure (FYM); T3, 10 t/hm2 FYM + 60 kg/hm2 N; T4, 5 t/hm2 FYM + 90 kg/hm2 N; T5, 5 t/hm2 FYM + 60 kg/hm2 N + 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae (BGA); T6, 5 t/hm2 FYM + 60 kg/hm2 N + 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla, and T7, N0P0K0 (control, no NPK application) to study the effect on seed quality, yield and water use. In SRI, soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water (2–3 cm) was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice, however, in CT, standing water was maintained in crop growing season. Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI. Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT. Integrated nutrient management (INM) resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties. Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill, panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone. Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer. The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1. The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone. CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI, with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI. Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application Level on Rice Nutrient Uptake and Ammonia Volatilization YU Qiao-gang, YE Jing, YANG Shao-na, FU Jian-rong, MA Jun-wei, SUN Wan-chun, JIANG Li-na, WANG Qiang, WANG Jian-mei 2013, 20(2): 139-147.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60117-1 摘要 ( )   PDF(251KB) ( )   The effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake and ammonia volatilization were studied with the rice cultivar Zheyou 12 as a material. The accumulative amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rice plants across all growth stages showed a trend to increase with increasing nitrogen application levels from 0 to 270 kg/hm2, but decreased at nitrogen application levels exceeding 270 kg/hm2. Moreover, the accumulative uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants was increased by application of organic manure in combination with 150 kg/hm2 nitrogen. The nitrogen uptake was high during the jointing to heading stages. Correlation analysis showed that rice yield was positively correlated with the accumulative uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants. The highest correlation coefficient observed was between the amount of nitrogen uptake and rice yield. The rate and accumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application level. Compared with other stages, the rate and accumulative amount of ammonia volatilization were higher after base fertilizer application. The ammonia volatilization rates in response to the nitrogen application levels of 270 kg/hm2 and 330 kg/hm2 were much higher than those in the other treatments. The loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization accounted for 23.9% of the total applied nitrogen at the nitrogen application level of 330 kg/hm2.

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Effects of Aeration on Root Physiology and Nitrogen Metabolism in Rice XU Chun-mei, WANG Dan-ying, CHEN Song, CHEN Li-ping, ZHANG Xiu-fu 2013, 20(2): 148-153.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60118-3 摘要 ( )   PDF(223KB) ( )   In order to clarify the effects of aeration on root nitrogen metabolism in rice seedlings, rice cultivars Guodao 6 (indica) and Xiushui 09 (japonica) were investigated for root growth, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase (GPT) and glutamic acid oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), the nitrate (NO3-N) concertration, the contents of free amino acids and soluble sugar in root under hydroponics with continuous aeration treatment. The results showed that rice seedlings grown in oxygenation solutions had higher root dry matter, longer root length, stronger root activity and larger root absorption area compared with the control. In addition, the contents of soluble sugar, root vigor and the activities of GS, GOT and GPT in the aeration solutions were higher than those in the control. The results also indicated that the activities of enzymes involved in root nitrogen metabolism of Xiushui 09 were enhanced by aeration, however, there was no significant influence on root nitrogen metabolism of Guodao 6, which suggested that effect of oxygenation on rice root nitrogen metabolism might be genotype-specific.

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Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia Volker KLEINHENZ1, Sophon CHEA1, Ngin HUN2 2013, 20(2): 154-164.  DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60125-0 摘要 ( )   PDF(774KB) ( )   Although Cambodia might have achieved self-sufficiency and an exported surplus in rice production, its rice-based farming systems are widely associated with low productivity, low farmer income and rural poverty. The study is based on a questionnaire village survey in 14 communes containing 97 villages of Kampong Chhnang Province from March to June, 2011. It analyzes the prevailing rice-based cropping systems and evaluates options for their improvement. Differences in cropping systems depend on the distance from the Tonle Sap water bodies. At distances greater than 10 km, transplanted wet-season rice cropping system with low productivity of about 1.6 t/hm2 prevails. This deficiency can be primarily attributed to soils with high coarse sand fractions and low pH ( 4.0). Farmers predominantly cultivate dry-season recession rice between January and April. Seventy-nine percent of the area is sown directly and harvested by combines. Adoption ratio of commercial rice seeds is 59% and yields average 3.2 t/hm2. Introduction of the second dry-season rice between April and July may double annual yields in this rice cropping system. Besides upgrading other cultivation technologies, using seeds from commercial sources will improve yield and rice quality. Along with rice, farmers grow non-rice crops at different intensities ranging from single annual crops to intensive sequences at low yields.