Please wait a minute...

过刊目录

    2012年, 第19卷, 第2期
    刊出日期:2012-06-28
    上一期    下一期

    研究报告
    综述与专论
    研究简报
    全选选: 隐藏/显示图片
    研究报告
    Morphological Structure and Genetic Mapping of New Leaf-Color Mutant Gene in Rice (Oryza sativa)
    LI Yu-hong1,2, WANG bao-he2,DAI Zheng-yuan2, LI Ai-hong2, LIU Guang-qing1,ZUO Shi-min1, ZHANG Hong-xi1,2,PAN Xue-biao1
    2012, 19(2): 79-85. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(680KB) ( )  
    Leaf-color mutations are a widely-observed class of mutations, playing an important role in the study of chlorophyll biosynthesis and plant chloroplast structure, function, genetics and development. A naturally-occurring leaf-color rice mutant, Baihuaidao 7, was analyzed. Mutant plants typically exhibited a green-white-green leaf-color progression, but this phenotype was only expressed in the presence of a stress signal induced by mechanical scarification such as transplantation. Prior to the appearance of white leaves, mutant plant growth, leaf color, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure appeared to be identical to those of the wild type. After the changeover to white leaf color, an examination of the mutated leaves revealed a decrease in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content, a reduction in the number of chloroplast grana lamella and grana, and a gradual degradation of the thylakoid lamellas. At maturity, the mutant plant was etiolated and dwarfed compared with wild-type plants. Genetic analysis indicated that the leaf mutant character is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. Genetic mapping of the mutant gene was performed using an F2 population derived from a Baihuaidao 7 × Jiangxi 1587 cross. The mutant gene was mapped to rice chromosome 11, positioned between InDel markers L59.2-7 and L64.8-11, which are separated by approximately 740.5 kb. The mutant gene is believed to be a new leaf-color mutant gene in rice, and is tentatively designated as gwgl.
    Active Methyl Cycle and Transfer Related Gene Expression in Response to Drought Stress in Rice Leaves
    ZHANG Xiao-li, ZHOU Jian, HAN Zhuo, SHANG Qi, WANG Ze-gang, GU Xiao-hui,GE Cai-lin
    2012, 19(2): 86-93. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(418KB) ( )  
    Three rice varieties, Zhonghan 3, Shanyou 63 and Aizizhan, were used as materials in detecting differential active methyl cycle and transfer related gene expression in response to drought stress. The experiment was performed by gene chip and mRNA differential display technologies under the conditions of drought simulated with 10% PEG6000 solution. The results indicated that the methyl cycle could be activated in the leaves of Zhonghan 3 and Shanyou 63 but inhibited in the leaves of Aizizhan under drought stress. Furthermore, drought stress could induce the expression of a large number of methyltransferase genes, especially the transcription of Rubisco protein methylation related genes, which are beneficial for prevention of Rubisco protein oxidation and degradation, and drought stress could inhibit the transcription of DNA methyltransferase genes and histone methyltransferase genes. This result confirmed that the active methyl cycle and transfer related genes were involved in rice drought resistance.
    Special DNA Methylated Sites Between Haploid of Twin-Seedling and Its Hybrids in Rice (Oryza sativa)
    WU Shao-hua, XUE Jing-jing, ZHANG Hong-yu, XU Pei-zhou, WU Xian-jun
    2012, 19(2): 94-99. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(588KB) ( )  
    DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic phenomena which can be transferred to the offspring by cell division in the evolution of organisms. The epigenetic regulation accompanied by gene expression can be found directly in the phenotype of haploidy plants. DNA cytosine methylation at the 5′-CpCpGpG sites of haploid, Shuhui 527, Shuhui 363 and their hybrids was analyzed by methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) method. There were 765 DNA methylated sites detected and the methylation level was lower in hybrids than parents. Meanwhile, the different bands between hybrids and parents were analyzed and two types of methylated sites were detected, of which one inherited from haploid, and the other did not. The biological functions of genes related to methylated sites involved in cell structure, metabolize and response factor. Therefore, DNA methylated modifications can activate and silence the genes and play an important role in plant growth, development and evolution.
    Altered Expression of Transcription Factor Genes in Rice Flag Leaf under Low Nitrogen Stress
    ZHAO Ming-hui, ZHANG Wen-zhong, MA Dian-rong, XU Zheng-jin, WANG Jia-yu, ZHANG Li, CHEN Wen-fu
    2012, 19(2): 100-107. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF  
    The response of transcription factor genes to low nitrogen stress was studied to provide molecular basis for improving the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in rice. The agilent rice genome arrays were used to study the varied expression of transcription factor genes in two rice varieties (SN 196 and Toyonishhiki) with different chlorophyll contents under low nitrogen stress. The results showed that a total of 53 transcription factor genes (35 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated genes at the transcription level) in flag leaves of super-green rice SN196 and 27 transcription factor genes (21 down-regulated and 6 up-regulated genes at the transcription level) in flag leaves of Toyonishiki were affected by low nitrogen stress. Among those nitrogen-responsive genes, 48 transcription factor genes in SN196 and 22 in Toyonishiki were variety-specific. There were overlapped transcription factor genes responded to low nitrogen stress between SN196 and Toyonishiki, with 1 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated at the transcription level. Distributions of low nitrogen responsive genes on chromosomes were different in two rice varieties.
    Leaf Photosynthetic Activity and Antioxidant Defense Associated with Sub1 QTL in Rice Subjected to Submergence and Subsequent Re-aeration
    Debabrata PANDA*, Ramani Kumar SARKAR
    2012, 19(2): 108-116. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(527KB) ( )  
    The influence of submergence on photosynthesis and antioxidant capacities in rice varieties Swarna and Swarna-Sub1 with or without Sub1 QTL were evaluated under control, simulated complete submergence and subsequent re-aeration. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased in the both varieties during the progression of submergence as compared to the control plants, but significant varietal differences were observed after 1 d of submergence. Submergence also altered the PSII activity, as reflected in a decrease in the values of Fo, Fm and Fv/Fm and degradation of chlorophyll, more in Swarna than in Swarna-Sub1. During early submergence period, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) against reactive oxygen species were increased in the both varieties. However, with the progress of submergence period (after 7 d), the activities of SOD, catalase (CAT), APX, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), GR and DHAR declined, more in Swarna than in Swarna-Sub1. During re-aeration, Swarna-Sub1 showed significant increase of above antioxidant enzymes but not in Swarna. Swarna-Sub1 improves photosynthetic activity, showing higher photosynthetic rate compared to Swarna under submergence and subsequent re-aeration because of less degradation of chlorophyll, higher stomatal conductance, and efficient PSII activity along with better antioxidant protection from oxidative damage.
    Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of KDML105 Containing Drought Tolerance QTL under Drought Stress
    Vaiphot KANJOO1,2, Kanchana PUNYAWAEW3, Jonaliza L. SIANGLIW3, Suwat JEARAKONGMAN4, Apichart VANAVICHIT5,6, Theerayut TOOJINDA3
    2012, 19(2): 117-124. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(262KB) ( )  
    Drought is a major abiotic constraint to rice production in rainfed lowland and insufficiently irrigated areas. The improvement of drought tolerant varieties is one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of drought. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for primary and secondary traits related to drought tolerance (DT) on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 8 and 9 that determined from double haploid lines derived from a cross between CT9993 and IR62266 were introgressed and dissected into small pieces in the genetic background of Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) to develop chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population. The CSSLs were evaluated at the reproductive stage for their agronomic performance and yield components under drought stress, and results were compared with irrigated condition. The flowering of CSSL lines was 6 to 7 d earlier than KDML105. The mean values of grain yields in the CSSLs were higher than KDML105 under drought and irrigated conditions. At irrigated condition, the grain yields of introgression lines carrying DT-QTLs from chromosomes 4 and 8 were higher than that of KDML105, whereas other traits showed little difference with KDML105. Analysis indicated that grain yield has positive correlation with plant height, tiller and panicle number per plant, and total grain weight per plant under drought stress while negatively correlated with days to flowering. As mentioned above, CSSLs showing good adaptation under drought stress can be used as genetic materials to improve drought tolerance in Thai rainfed lowland rice breeding program, and as materials to dissect genes underlying drought tolerance.
    Effects of Nitrogen Application Levels on Ammonia Volatilization and Nitrogen Utilization during Rice Growing Season
    LIN Zhong-cheng1, 2, DAI Qi-gen1, YE Shi-chao1, 3, WU Fu-guan2, JIA Yu-shu3, CHEN Jing-dou1,XU Lu-sheng2, ZHANG Hong-cheng1, HUO Zhong-yang1, XU Ke1, WEI Hai-yan1
    2012, 19(2): 125-134. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(470KB) ( )  
    We conducted field trials of rice grown in sandy soil and clay soil to determine the effects of nitrogen application levels on the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water, loss of ammonia through volatilization from paddy fields, rice production, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen content in the soil profile. The concentration of NH4+-N in surface water and the amount of ammonia lost through volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen application level, and peaked at 1-3 d after nitrogen application. Less ammonia was lost via volatilization from clay soil than from sandy soil. The amounts of ammonia lost via volatilization after nitrogen application differed depending on the stage when it was applied, from the highest loss to the lowest: N application to promote tillering > the first N topdressing to promote panicle initiation (applied at the last 4-leaf stage) > basal fertilizer > the second N topdressing to promote panicle initiation (applied at the last 2-leaf stage). The total loss of ammonia via volatilization from clay soil was 10.49?87.06 kg/hm2, equivalent to 10.92%?21.76% of the nitrogen applied. The total loss of ammonia via volatilization from sandy soil was 11.32?102.43 kg/hm2, equivalent to 11.32%?25.61% of the nitrogen applied. The amount of ammonia lost via volatilization and the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water peaked simultaneously after nitrogen application; both showed maxima at the tillering stage with the ratio between them ranging from 23.76% to 33.65%. With the increase in nitrogen application level, rice production and nitrogen accumulation in plants increased, but nitrogen-use efficiency decreased. Rice production and nitrogen accumulation in plants were slightly higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. In the soil, the nitrogen content was the lowest at a depth of 40?50 cm. In any specific soil layer, the soil nitrogen content increased with increasing nitrogen application level, and the soil nitrogen content was higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. In terms of ammonia volatilization, the amount of ammonia lost via volatilization increased markedly when the nitrogen application level exceeded 250 kg/hm2 in the rice growing season. However, for rice production, a suitable nitrogen application level is approximately 300 kg/hm2. Therefore, taking the needs for high crop yields and environmental protection into account, the appropriate nitrogen application level was 250–300 kg/hm2 in these conditions.
    Effects of Phosphorus on Grain Quality of Upland and Paddy Rice under Different Cultivation
    ZHANG Ya-jie, HUA Jing-jing, LI Ya-chao, CHEN Ying-ying, YANG Jian-chang
    2012, 19(2): 135-142. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(218KB) ( )  
    We investigated how upland and paddy japonica rice responded to phosphorous (P) fertilizer under two cultivation methods. The upland rice Zhonghan 3 and the paddy rice Yangfujing 8 were both grown under moist cultivation (MC, control) and bare dry cultivation (DC) with three P levels, low (LP, 45 kg/hm2), normal (NP, 90 kg/hm2) and high (HP, 135 kg/hm2). As P level increased, grain yields of both upland and paddy rice increased under DC. There were no significant differences in grain yields between HP and NP for either rice, although upland rice slightly increased and paddy rice slightly decreased in grain yield. Under DC at LP, Zhonghan 3 showed a higher head milled rice rate and better appearance, cooking and eating qualities than at HP or NP. Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except that Yangfujing 8 had better appearance quality at NP. Under MC, Zhonghan 3 had a higher head milled rice rate at LP and better cooking and eating qualities at NP. Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except in appearance quality. DC improved head milled rice rate and appearance quality of both upland and paddy rice, and cooking and nutrient qualities of paddy rice. Compared with paddy rice, upland rice had better processing, nutrient and eating qualities. The results suggest that upland and paddy rice respond differently to cultivation method and phosphorus level.
    Estimating Crop Coefficient in Intermittent Irrigation Paddy Fields Using Excel Solver
    Chusnul ARIF1,3, Budi Indra SETIAWAN1, Hanhan Ahmad SOFIYUDDIN2, Lolly Martina MARTIEF2, Masaru MIZOGUCHI3, Ryoichi DOI3
    2012, 19(2): 143-152. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(496KB) ( )  
    The current study proposes a novel method using Excel Solver to estimate, from limited data, crop coefficient (Kc) in paddy fields under intermittent irrigation (II). The proposed method was examined in a field experiment conducted at Karang Sari Village, Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia during the first rice season of 2007/2008 (December 2007 to April 2008) in the rainy season. As the control, continuous flooding irrigation (CF) was applied to the conventional rice cultivation fields. Based on the observed water storage, Excel Solver was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration. Estimated crop evapotranspiration was used to compute Kc value, then the average Kc values at each growth stage were compared with that for the CF treatment. The estimation method was evaluated by comparing estimated crop evapotranspiration and the crop evapotranspiration derived by the well established FAO procedure. Excel Solver estimated crop evapotranspiration accurately with R2 values higher than 0.81. Accordingly, more than 81% of the FAO crop evapotranspiration was described by the proposed method. Thus, Kc value could be well determined from those estimated crop evapotranspiration. Under the II treatment, the average Kc values were 0.70, 1.06, 1.24 and 1.22 for the initial, crop development, reproductive and late stages, respectively. These values were lower than those under the CF treatment for initial and crop development stages because of a minimal soil evaporation and intense dryness during these stages. However, average Kc values under the II treatment were higher than those under the CF treatment at the reproductive and late stages, indicating that the II treatment promoted more plant activity particularly for dry biomass production as indicated by a greater number of tillers per hill.
    Logistic Regression Analysis on Factors Affecting Adoption of Rice-Fish Farming in North Iran
    Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini Niyaki1, Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari2
    2012, 19(2): 153-160. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(165KB) ( )  
    We evaluated the factors influencing the adoption of rice-fish farming in the Tavalesh region near the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. We conducted a survey with open-ended questions. Data were collected from 184 respondents (61 adopters and 123 non-adopters) randomly sampled from selected villages and analyzed using logistic regression and multi-response analysis. Family size, number of contacts with an extension agent, participation in extension-education activities, membership in social institutions and the presence of farm workers were the most important socio-economic factors for the adoption of rice-fish farming system. In addition, economic problems were the most common issue reported by adopters. Other issues such as lack of access to appropriate fish food, losses of fish, lack of access to high quality fish fingerlings and dehydration and poor water quality were also important to a number of farmers.
    综述与专论
    Involvement of Plasma Membrane Ca2+/H+ Antiporter in Cd2+ Tolerance
    SHEN Guo-ming1, DU Qi-zhen1*, WANG Jiang-xin2
    2012, 19(2): 161-165. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(207KB) ( )  
    Cation exchangers (CAXs) belong to the cation/Ca2+ exchanger superfamily which have been extensively investigated in plant tonoplasts over the last decade. Recently, the roles of CAXs involved in heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in plants have been studied for phytoremediation and food security. In this mini review, we summarize the roles of the Ca2+/H+ antiporter in Ca2+ signal transduction, maintaining ion homeostasis and sequestering heavy metals into the vacuole. Moreover, we present a possible role of the plasma membrane Ca2+/H+ antiporter in heavy metal detoxification.
    研究简报
    Estimating Out-Crossing Rate of Bg 379-2 Using Morphological Markers and Confirmation by Molecular Markers
    L. H. M. Y. K. SOMARATNE1, A. S. M. T. ABAYAWICKRAMA2, I. P. WICKRAMASINGHE1, W. L. G. SAMARASINGHE2
    2012, 19(2): 166-168. 
    摘要 ( )   PDF(170KB) ( )  
    Rice is largely self-fertilized and accordingly a field population of rice is completely composed of near homozygotes. Due to the emergence of off-types, homozygosity will be affected. With the time, this will cause the reduction of genetic purity in some rice varieties. One of the reasons has been suspected to be the high out-crossing frequencies of such varieties. Studies were conducted at the Rice Research and Development Institute, Batalagoda, Sri Lanka to estimate the out-crossing rate of Bg 379-2, a variety having the problem of maintaining genetic purity. Bg 379-2 was allowed to out-cross with Bg 450 and the number of out-crossed plants were counted using dominant morphological markers such as short-round grain and purple culm of pollen donor. A molecular confirmation of out-crossing was also performed using sequence tagged site (STS) molecular marker pTA248. The variety Bg 379-2 showed a potential out-crossing rate of 3.41% and an average out-crossing rate of 1.29% using dominant morphological markers. Polymorphism was clearly detected between parents and out-crossed plants as well as selfed plants of Bg 379-2 using their banding patterns. A similar study can be performed to determine the out-crossing rates of other varieties which show high percentage of off-types in the population for the better understanding of the breeding behavior of the varieties.