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2012年, 第19卷, 第1期
刊出日期：2012-03-28 上一期    下一期
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研究报告
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研究报告

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Identification and Genetic Mapping of a Lesion Mimic Mutant in Rice MA Jian-yang1, 2, CHEN Sun-lu2, 3, ZHANG Jian-hui1, 2, DONG Yan-jun1, TENG Sheng2 2012, 19(1): 1-7.  摘要 ( )   PDF(422KB) ( )   A lesion mimic stripe mutant, designated as lms1 (lesion mimic stripe 1), was obtained from the M2 progeny of a 60Co γ-radiation treated japonica rice variety Jiahua 1. The lms1 mutant displayed propagation type lesions across the whole growth and developmental stages. Physiology and histochemistry analysis showed that the mutant exhibited a phenotype of white stripe when grown under high temperature (30 °C), and the lesion mimic caused by programmed cell death under low temperature (20 °C). The genetic analysis indicated that this lesion-mimic phenotype is controlled by a single locus recessive nuclear gene. Furthermore, by using simple sequence repeat markers and an F2 segregating population derived from two crosses of lms1 × 93-11 and lms1 × Pei’ai 64S, the lms1 gene was mapped between markers Indel1 and MM0112-4 with a physical distance of 400 kb on chromosome 6 in rice.

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Effects of Suppressing OsCRY1a Gene Expression on Rice Agronomic Traits LI Yu1, 2, ZHUANG Wei-jian3, WANG Nai-yuan2, DAI Fei3, HONG Guo-qin1, XIE Na-ying1, LIN Jian-qin1, QIU Xiu-li1 2012, 19(1): 8-13.  摘要 ( )   PDF(236KB) ( )   Using primers designed according to the published sequence of rice OsCRY1a gene, we obtained part of the gene fragment by PCR and constructed an RNA interference expression vector with it. To down-regulate the expression level of the gene or lead to the loss-of-function of the gene, the vector was then introduced into rice via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Based on the performance of the transgenic plants, the functions of the gene were analyzed and deduced. The results indicated that suppressing the expression of the gene retarded flowering for 16 d in rice with the plant height and grain length significantly increasing whereas other important agronomic traits observed remained unchanged apparently. Key words: rice; cryptochrome gene OsCRY1a; RNA interference; agronomic trait; gene expression

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A Set of SCAR Markers Efficiently Differentiating Hybrid Rice LI Shu-jing 1, 2, XIE Hong-wei1, QIAN Ming-juan1, CHEN Guang-hui3, LI Shao-qing1, ZHU Ying-guo1 2012, 19(1): 14-20.  摘要 ( )   PDF(336KB) ( )   Molecular markers have been widely used in crop genetic improvement, seed test and genetic mapping. Of which, sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers are particularly popular for its diversity, stable reproducibility, and suitability for analyzing large number of samples. In this study, 500 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were tested, and a set of SCAR markers comprising 37 pairs of loci-specific primers were developed from the DNA fragments ranging from 300 to 1000 bp which correspond to the stable, distinctive RAPD banding patterns. Using these SCAR markers, 59 hybrid rice combinations were assessed and distinguished into 58 subgroups at the similarity coefficient of 0.97 in a genetic clustering tree based on the allele diversities of the SCAR markers. Furthermore, 13 hybrid rice combinations were reassayed with 40 randomly selected simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to evaluate the effectiveness of these SCAR markers. SSR markers produced similar results to SCAR markers as the 13 hybrid rice combinations were completely separated at the similarity coefficient of 0.91 in the clustering tree established from SSR patterns. Taken together, SCAR markers prove to be effective tools for identifying and differentiating hybrid rice combinations.

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Genetic Diversity of Wild Rice Species in Yunnan Province of China CHENG Zai-quan1, YING Fu-you1, LI Ding-qing1, YU Teng-qiong1, FU Jian1, YAN Hui-jun2, ZHONG Qiao-fang1, ZHANG Dun-yu1, LI Wei-jiao1, HUANG Xing-qi1, 2 2012, 19(1): 21-28.  摘要 ( )   PDF(362KB) ( )   Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide. Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice. Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic basis in cultivated rice. However, many populations of wild rice species have disappeared in the past few years. Therefore, the current status of wild rice resources should be updated and the genetic diversity of wild rice species should be examined for further germplasm preservation and utilization. Our investigations showed that the number of natural wild rice populations declined sharply in Yunnan Province during the past few years due to various reasons. Fortunately, one population of Oryza rufipogon, three of O. officinalis and ten of O. granulata have been newly found in different ecological sites, which were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analysis in this study. ISSR analysis and investigation of some important traits of nutritional values indicated that the genetic diversity of the currently existing wild rice resources in Yunnan is still rich. The demonstration of genetic diversity of wild rice by a combined use of geographical distribution, morphological traits, nutrition contents and ISSR markers would be helpful for the conservation and exploration of these important wild rice resources.

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Breeding of R8012, a Rice Restorer Line Resistant to Blast and Bacterial Blight Through Marker-Assisted Selection ZHAN Xiao-deng1, ZHOU Hai-peng1, CHAI Rong-yao2, ZHUANG Jie-yun1, CHENG Shi-hua1,CAO Li-yong1 2012, 19(1): 29-35.  摘要 ( )   PDF(557KB) ( )   Genetic improvement is one of the most effective strategies to prevent rice from blast and bacterial blight (BB) diseases, the two most prevalent diseases jeopardizing rice production. Rice hybrids with dural resistance to blast and BB are needed for sustainable production of food. An incomplete diallele design resulted in 25 crosses between five blast and five BB resistant germplasm accessions. Only one pair of parents, DH146 × TM487, showed polymorphism for all the markers to identify one blast resistance gene Pi25 and three BB resistance genes, Xa21, xa13 and xa5, thus it was used in the marker-assisted selection (MAS). F2 individuals of DH146 × TM487 were genotyped using flanking markers of RM3330 and sequence tagged site (STS) marker SA7 for Pi25. The resistant F2 plants with Pi25 were used for pyramiding BB resistance genes Xa21, xa13 and xa5 identified by the markers pTA248, RM264 and RM153, respectively in subsequent generations. Finally, after selection for agronomic traits and restoration ability among 12 pyramided lines, we acquired an elite restorer line, R8012 including all four target genes (Pi25+Xa21+xa13+xa5). Hybrid Zhong 9A/R8012 derived from the selected line showed stronger resistance to blast and BB, and higher grain yield than the commercial checks uniformally in experimental plots, 2007 state-wide yield trial and 2008 nation-wide yield trial. This study provides a paradigmatic example to show that MAS is a practically feasible tool in effectively pyramiding multiple resistance genes. The resultant restoring line and its hybrid would play an important role in securing rice production in China.

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Long Term Salinity Stress Reveals Cultivar Specific Differences in Root Oxidative Stress Response Prasad SENADHEERA1, Shamala TIRIMANNE2, Frans J M MAATHUIS3 2012, 19(1): 36-43.  摘要 ( )   PDF(281KB) ( )   Salinity stress induces oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS): superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals. Activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system and related growth parameters were studied in the roots of the salt tolerant rice variety FL478 and the sensitive variety IR29 in response to long term stress (12 d) induced by 50 mmol/L NaCl. The comparative study showed that FL478 maintained higher relative growth rate and lower Na+/K+ in the roots than IR29 due to a higher membrane stability index that effectively exclude Na+. Lower TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) content in FL478 roots indicated that its membrane was relatively unaffected by ROS despite high H2O2 content recorded under the salinity stress. Relatively higher superoxide dismutase activity along with a parallel increase in transcript level of superoxide dismutase (Os07g46990) in FL478 indicated that this protein might make a vital contribution to salt stress tolerance. Although the content of ascorbic acid remained unchanged in FL478, the activity of ascorbic peroxidases (APOXs) was reduced comparably in the both varieties. Transcriptomic data showed that a larger number of peroxidase genes were upregulated in FL478 compared to IR29 and several of which might provide engineering targets to improve rice salt tolerance.

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Effects of Aerated Irrigation on Leaf Senescence at Late Growth Stage and Grain Yield of Rice ZHU Lian-feng, YU Sheng-miao, JIN Qian-yu 2012, 19(1): 44-48.  摘要 ( )   PDF(213KB) ( )   With the japonica inbred cultivar Xiushui 09, indica hybrid combinations Guodao 6 and Liangyoupeijiu as materials, field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to study the effects of aerated irrigation on leaf senescence at late growth stage and grain yield of rice. The dissolved oxygen concentration of aerated water evidently increased and decreased at a slow rate. The soil oxidation-reduction potential under aerated irrigation treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK, contributing to significant increases in effective panicles, seed setting rate and grain yield. In addition, the aerated irrigation improved root function, increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde content in flag leaves at post-flowering, which delayed leaf senescence process, prolonged leaf functional activity and led to enhanced grain filling.

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Selectiveness of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to Host Plants LIU Fang, CHENG Jian-jun, JIANG Tao, SU Wen, XU Shuai 2012, 19(1): 49-54.  摘要 ( )   PDF(192KB) ( )   A field experiment was conducted to study the selectiveness of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée (commonly known as the rice leaffolder or rice leafroller) towards five rice varieties (Yangfujing 8, Yangdao 6, Shanyou 136, Huaidao 9 and Ningjing 1) and three weed species (Echinochloa crusgalli, Leptochloa chinensis and Leersia hexandra). The results showed that the rice varieties carried significantly higher numbers of C. medinalis moths and eggs than the weed species. Among the rice varieties, Yangfujing 8 was associated with a higher moth number. However, there was little difference in the number of C. medinalis eggs among the rice varieties. Additionally, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the olfactory response of female C. medinalis towards volatile compounds from different rice varieties, as well as its oviposition preference towards these rice varieties. The volatiles of Yangfujing 8, Yangdao 6 and Shanyou 136 attracted C. medinalis similarly to those of TN1. In contrast, the volatiles of Huaidao 9 and Ningjing 1 clearly deterred C. medinalis. Nevertheless, C. medinalis did not exhibit clear oviposition preference towards any of the five tested rice varieties.

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Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 Against Sheath Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and on Growth and Yield of Rice K. Vijay Krishna Kumar1, S. KR. Yellareddygari2, M. S. Reddy2, J. W. Kloepper2, K. S. Lawrence2, X. G. Zhou3, H. Sudini4, D. E. Groth5, S. Krishnam Raju6, M. E. Miller7 2012, 19(1): 55-63.  摘要 ( )   PDF(239KB) ( )   Rice sheath blight disease (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, gives rise to significant grain yield losses. The present study evaluated the efficacy of Integral?, the commercial liquid formulation of Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600, against rice ShB and for plant growth promotion. In greenhouse studies, four log concentrations of Integral (from 2.2×106 to 2.2×109 cfu/mL) were used as seed treatment (ST). After 25 d, seedlings were dipped (SD) into Integral prior to transplanting. At 30 d after transplanting (DAT), leaf sheaths were inoculated with immature sclerotia of the pathogen. At 45 DAT, a foliar spray (FS) with Integral was applied to some treatments. The fungicide control was 50% carbendazim at 1.0 g/L, and a nontreated control was also included. Overall, there were 10 treatments, each with five replications. ShB severity was rated at 52 DAT, and seedling height and number of tillers per plant were rated at 60 DAT. In 2009, two field trials evaluated Integral at 2.2×108 and 2.2×109 cfu/mL. Integral was applied as ST, and seedlings were produced in a nursery bed. After 32 d, seedlings were treated with Integral as SD and transplanted into 10 m2 blocks. Foliar sprays were given at 45 and 60 DAT. There were seven treatments, each with eight replications arranged as a factorial randomized complete block design. At 20 DAT, the plots were broadcast inoculated with R. solani produced on rice grains. Seedling height before transplanting, ShB severity at 90 DAT, and grain yield at harvest were recorded. Integral at 2.2×109 cfu/mL provided significant increase of seedling heights over other treatments under greenhouse conditions. The Integral treatments of ST + SD + FS at 2.2×109 cfu/mL significantly suppressed ShB over other treatments. In field studies, Integral provided significant increase of seedling height in nursery, and number of tillers per plant, compared with the control. ShB severity was significantly suppressed with higher concentrations of Integral compared to lower concentrations. Grain yield were the highest at an Integral concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL. Overall, Integral significantly reduced ShB severity, enhanced seedling growth, number of tillers per plant and grain yield as ST + SD + FS at the concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL under the conditions evaluated.

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Determination of Mass Transfer Parameters during Deep Fat Frying of Rice Crackers Mohammad Taghi Hamed MOSAVIAN, Vahid Mohammadpour KARIZAKI 2012, 19(1): 64-69.  摘要 ( )   PDF(328KB) ( )   The accuracy of the knowledge of mass transfer parameters (effective moisture diffusivity, mass transfer Biot number and mass transfer coefficient) in the case of frying food, is essential and important for designing, modeling and process optimization. This study is undertaken to develop an approach for determining mass transfer parameters during frying of spherical rice cracker in sunflower oil at 150, 170 and 190 °C. These parameters were evaluated from the plots of dimensionless concentration ratios against time of frying. Effective moisture diffusivity, mass transfer Biot number and mass transfer coefficient ranged between 1.24×10-8 to 2.36×10-8 m2/s, 1.96 to 2.34 and 5.51×10-6 to 9.70×10-6 m/s, respectively. Effective moisture diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient were found to increase with an increasing frying temperature, whereas mass transfer Biot number decreased. An Arrhenius-type relationship was found between effective diffusivity coefficient and frying temperature.

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Tagging of Brown Planthopper Resistance Genes in F2s of IR50 × Ptb33 of Rice by Using Bulked Segregant Analysis Venkateswarlu YADAVALLI1, 2, Gajendra P. NARWANE2, M. S. R. KRISHNA3, Nagarajan POTHI2, Bharathi MUTHUSAMY4 2012, 19(1): 70-74.  摘要 ( )   PDF(219KB) ( )   Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens St?l) is one of the most damaging pests causing hopper burn in rice, and thereby reducing the productivity and also the quality of the product. The effective management strategy to control this pest is the identification and transfer of desirable genes to local rice cultivars. The most important approach for developing resistant cultivars is the identification of markers, which can help in marker-assisted selection of more durable resistant genotype. The susceptible parent IR50 and the resistant parent Ptb33, and their F2 populations were used in bulked segregant analysis for identification of resistant genes with random amplified polymorphic DNA marker (RAPD) primers. The primers OPC7 and OPAG14 showed both dominant and susceptible specific banding pattern so called co-dominant markers. Moreover, OPC7697 and OPAG14680 showed resistant specific bands and thus being in coupling phase, whereas OPC7846 and OPAG14650 showed susceptible specific genotypic bands in bulked segregant analysis. Therefore, the coupling phase markers, OPC7697 and OPAG14680, are considered to be more useful in marker-assisted selection of rice genotypes in crop improvement.

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Rice Bran Oil Extraction by Screw Press Method: Optimum Operating Settings, Oil Extraction Level and Press Cake Appearance Supakit SAYASOONTHORN1, Sudsaisin KAEWRUENG1, Pannatorn PATHARASATHAPORNKUL 2012, 19(1): 75-78.  摘要 ( )   PDF(421KB) ( )   The appearance of rice bran ‘cake’ or discharge from a screw press corresponds to the level of oil produced in the extraction process. The relationships between operating settings, oil extraction level and cake appearance were studied. Cake characteristics reliably indicate the expected oil recovery extraction level. These conclusions applyed to both Chainat 1 rice bran and parboiled rice bran. Variables were the speed of the screw press (set at five levels from 8.5 to 19.8 r/min) and corresponding clearance distances between the screw and barrel (set between 1.0 and 1.9 cm). Results showed that the maximum levels of extraction were 4.17% for the rice bran and 8.20% for the parboiled rice bran. At the maximum extraction level, the apparatus continuously discharged cake that were hard, crispy, flaky, shiny and polished on one side but dull and coarse on the other.